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| plants and animals that live in the same area and interact with one another and each has a specific position in the food chain |
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| the proposition that natural forces operate at the same rate and in the same way today as they did in the past |
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| a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce offspring which are themselves capable of producing further offspring |
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| human beings are thought to be at the center of the universe and the purpose of creation |
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| process that confers an advantage on those individuals that possess the favorable trait |
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| changes in heritable characters |
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| offspring will have traits that are intermediate between the traits of the two parents |
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| inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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| the idea that animals could alter their anatomy during their lives and could pass on these alterations to their offspring |
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| observable physical traits, some are apparent from direct observation, such as hair color or height. other such as blood type require chemical tests to be observed |
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| an offspring with the hereditary material from parents that have different phenotypes |
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| a sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein, a portion of a protein, or any functional product. it may be made up of hundreds or thousands of DNA bases organized into coding and noncoding sequences |
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| alternate forms of a gene. they occur at the same locus on both members of a pair of chromosomes, and they influence the same trait. but because they are slightly different expressions of that trait. |
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| for a given trait, the hereditary particles inherited from each parent are identical |
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| for a given trait, the hereditary particles inherited from each parent are different |
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| the trait that appears in the phenotype even if only one gene (particle) for that trait is present |
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| the trait that will not appear in the phenotype unless there are two genes for that trait which are present |
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| mendel's first law tells us that each parent has two hereditary characters responsible for a particular phenotypic trait. it also tells us that each parent will contribute only one of these characters to their offspring |
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| crossing an organism that is heterozygous for two traits |
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| law of independent assortment |
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| mendel's second law tells us that traits will be inherited independently of each other (pod shape does not affect pod color) |
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| multiple interacting genes operating to produce a particular phenotypic trait |
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| structures found inside the nucleus of a cell that carries the hereditary characters |
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| the position on the chromosome occupied by a specific hereditary character |
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| the inheritance of characters for unrelated traits as a unit. this is a function of the distance between the location for each of the characters |
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| a form of cell division in which there is a duplication of all the genetic material and a single division of the cell thereby creating two identical cells |
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| the form of cell division that creates gametes where there is a duplication of genetic material, but two divisions of the cell. the gamete has only half of the regular amount of genetic material and the full amount will be restored at the time of fertilization |
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| appearance of new traits as a result of change in hereditary material |
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| this is a molecule with that is made up of a sugar (Deoxyribose), phosphate, and four bases. (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) |
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| a section of DNA (and RNA) that has sugar and phosphate molecules attached to one of the four bases |
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| a chemical instruction that consists of three chemical bases. the particular sequence of bases in the codon determines the specific amino acid that will be used at that point in the protein chain |
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| the chemicals that are used to construct proteins |
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| a change of a single nucleotide base this can occur by substitution of one base for another, insertion of an extra base in the sequence or deletion of one of the existing bases |
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| more than one codon (different combination of bases) serving as a code for the same amino acid |
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| a segment of DNA that is not involved in the creation of proteins |
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| viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one’s own culture, often being seen as inferior than one’s own culture |
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| viewing entities as they relate to something else, view that cultures have merits within their own historical and environmental contexts |
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| relying on experiment or observation |
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| a provisional explanation of a phenomenon. they require verification or falsification through testing |
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| an approach to research whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis is stated, and that hypothesis is tested by collecting and analyzing data |
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| a broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of hypotheses |
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| earth’s features are the result of long term processes that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past |
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| view that earth’s geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events |
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| the most critical mechanism of evolutionary change, refers to genetic change or changes in frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differences in reproductive success between individuals |
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| pertaining to natural selection, a measure of the relative reproductive success of individuals |
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| number of offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age |
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| genes (alleles) occur in pairs because chromosomes occur in pairs. during gamete formation, the members of each pair of alleles separate, so that each gamete contains one member of each pair |
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| describing a trait that isn't expressed in heterozygotes; also refers to the allele that governs the trait |
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| describing a trait governed by an allele that's expressed in the presence of another allele |
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| the distribution of one pair of alleles into gametes does not influence the distribution of another pair. the genes controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another |
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| the chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis; along with recombination; a source of genetic variation |
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| characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus. Examples include many blood types, such as ABO. Many genetic disorders, including sickle-cell anemia and Tay-Sachs disease are mendelian traits |
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| the expression of two alleles in heterozygotes—both influence the phenotype |
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| inherited differences among individuals; the basis of all evolutionary change |
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| in a population, the percentage of all the alleles at a locus accounted for by one specific allele |
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| within a species, a community of individuals where mates are usually found |
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| all of the genes shared by the reproductive members of a population |
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| small changes occurring within a species, such as changes in allele frequencies |
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| changes produced only after many generations, such as the appearance of a new species |
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| exchange of genes between populations |
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| evolutionary changes, or changes in allele frequencies, that are produced by random factors in small populations. result of small population size |
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| a type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from, or are remnants of, larger populations |
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| the process by which a new species evolves from an earlier species. |
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