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| blood group with three different alleles; 6 genotypes and 4 phenotypes; two are codominant while one is recessive |
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| the relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life-forms into new ecological niches |
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| an anatomical, physiological or behavioral response of organisms or populations to the environment; result from natural selection and evolutionary change |
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| alternate forms of a gene; occur at the same locus on paired chromosomes and thus govern the same trait; but because they're different, their action may result in different expressions of that trait |
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| small molecules that are the components of proteins |
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| object or material made or modified for use by hominids |
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| all chromosomes except sex chromosomes |
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| the maintenance of two or more alleles in a population due to the selective advantage of the heterozygote |
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| the view that the earth's geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events; Curvier promoted this view against the ideas of Lamarck |
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| discrete structures composed of DNA and protein found only in the nuclei of cells; visible only during certain stages of cell division |
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| the expression of two alleles in heterozygotes; neither allele is dominant or recessive, so they both influence the phenotype |
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| behavioral aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns and social roles; set of learned behaviors transmitted from one generation to the next by nonbiological means |
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| describes a trait governed by an allele that's expressed in the presence of another allele; prevent the expression of recessive alleles in heterozygotes |
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| the view that the ways of one's own culture are superior to those of other cultures |
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| detailed descriptive study of human societies |
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| a change in the genetic structure of a population |
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| segments of genes that are transcribed and are involved in protein synthesis |
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| pertaining to natural selection, a measure of relative reproductive success of individuals; can be measured by an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation compared to that of other individuals |
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| the notion that species, once created, can never change; an idea opposed to theories of biological evolution |
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| evolutionary changes (changes in allele frequencies) produced by random factors; result of small population size |
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| reproductive cells (eggs and sperm in animals) developed from precursor cells in ovaries and testes |
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| a type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from, or are remnants of, larger populations |
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| a sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein, a portion of a protein, or any functional product.; a gene may be made up of hundreds or thousands of DNA bases organized into coding and noncoding segments |
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| exchange of genes between populations |
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| the genetic makeup of an individual; can refer to an organism's entire genetic makeup or to the alleles at a particular locus |
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| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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| the mathematical relationship expressing (under ideal conditions) the predicted distribution of alleles in populations; the central theorem of population genetics |
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| a protein molecule that occurs in red blood cells and binds to oxygen molecules |
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| having different alleles at the same locus on members of a pair of chromosomes |
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| in order to understand a part, you must understand the whole; perspective that attempts to integrate all known information |
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| the chromosomal complement of an individual, or what is typical for a species; usually displayed with the chromosomes arranged in pairs and according to centromere size and position |
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| the position on a chromosome where a given gene occurs |
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| cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes; involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells, each containing only half the original number of chromosomes |
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| characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus |
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| small changes occurring within a species, such as the change in allele frequencies |
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| structures contained within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that convert energy, derived from nutrients, into a form that's used by the cell |
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| simple cell division; the process by which somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells |
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| messenger ribonucleic acid, essential to protein synthesis along with transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA |
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| a change in DNA; can include changes in chromosome structure and/or number |
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| the most critical mechanism of evolutionary change; first articulated by Darwin; refers to genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals |
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| basic units of the DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate and one of the four DNA bases |
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| an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells; contains chromosomes (nuclear DNA) |
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| structures contained within cells; each performs a special function |
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| the observable or detectable physical characteristics of an organism |
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| a situation that occurs when the action of a single gene influences several seemingly unrelated phenotypic events |
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| a chemical change in a single base of a DNA sequence |
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| referring to traits that are influenced by genes at two or more loci; many of these traits are influenced by environmental factors such as nutrition; examples include hair color, eye color, skin color, stature |
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| loci with more than one allele; can be expressed in the phenotype as the result of gene action, or they can exist solely at the DNA level within noncoding regions |
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| a sequence of amino acids that may act alone or in combination with others as a functional protein |
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| three-dimensional molecules that serve a wide variety of functions through their ability to bind to other molecules |
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| the assembly of chains of amino acids into functional protein molecules; process is directed by DNA |
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| the chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis; along with recombination, the source of variation resulting from meiosis |
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| describes a trait that isn't expressed in heterozygotes; for this allele to be expressed, an individual must have two copies of it |
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| the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
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| structures composed of a form of RNA and protein; found in cell's cytoplasm and are essential to the manufacture of proteins |
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| a single-stranded molecule; three forms of this are essential to protein synthesis |
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| a type of natural selection that operates on only one sex within species; result of competition for mates and can lead to sexual dimorphism |
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| a severe inherited hemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells collapse when deprived of oxygen; results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allele caused by a single base substitution in the DNA |
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| social interaction of language and modern society |
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| all the cells in the body except those involved with reproduction |
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| a broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of hypothesis |
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| theory that the earth's features are the result of long-term processes that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past; elaborated on by Lyell, this theory opposed catastrophism and contributed strongly to the concept of immense geological time |
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| inherited differences among individuals; the basis of all evolutionary change |
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| agent that serves to transmit disease from one carrier to another; example: mosquitoes are vectors for malaria and fleas are vectors for bubonic plague |
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| a disease that's transmitted to humans through contact with nonhuman animals |
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| a cell formed by the union of an egg cell and sperm cell; contains the full complement of chromosomes ad has the potential of developing into an entire organism |
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| narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow to the skin; an involuntary response to cold and reduces heat loss at the skin's surface |
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| expansion of blood vessels, permitting increased blood flow to the skin; permits warming of the skin and facilitates radiation of warmth as a means of cooling; an involuntary response to warm temperatures, various drugs, and even emotional states (blushing) |
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| effects of two or more alleles of different loci combined in a way that the sum of their effects in unison is equal to the sum of their effects individually |
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| favoring of specific traits |
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| sexually reproducing organisms choose to mate with individuals that are similar (positive) or dissimilar (negative) to themselves in some way |
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| organisms with paired chromosomes |
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| half of the chromosomes found in a diploid |
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| governed by dominant alleles located on autosomes (any chromosome besides X and Y) |
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| produce melanin; all humans have roughly the same number, but they vary in the amount of melanin and the size of melanin granules they produce |
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| acts as a built-in sunscreen by absorbing damaging UV rays |
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| law of independent assortment |
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| the distribution of one pair of alleles into gametes does not influence the distribution of another pair; the genes controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another |
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| stage of protein synthesis during which the genetic instructions are actually being decoded and implemented |
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