1. sensing changes with sensory receptors
2. interpreting and remembering those changes
3. reacting to those changes with effectors

• Cells that detect changes in the internal & external of the body

1. Muscular Contraction
2. Glandular Secretions

What are the major structures of the nervous system?

1. Brain
2. Cranial Nerves
3. Spinal Cord
4. Spinal Nerves
5. Ganglia
6. Enteric Plexus
7. Sensory Receptors

• Central Nervous System
• consists of spinal cord and brain

What is PNS and what does it consist of?

 Also, what does it connect CNS to?

• Peripheral Nervous System
• consists of cranial and spinal nerve that contain both sensory & motor fibers
• connects CNS to muscles, glands, and all sensory receptors

Subdivisions of the PNS

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: is it voluntary or involuntary system?

• neurons from cutaneous (skin) and special sensory receptors TO the CNS
• motor neurons to skeletal muscle tissue

1. In ANS, sensory neurons from ________ to CNS;
2. motor neurons to _____ & ________ muscles and _______

1. visceral organs
2. smooth
3. cardiac
4. glands

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division belong to which subdivisions of PNS?

a) ANS

b) CNS

c) PNS

d) both a & c

e) ENS

f) SNS 

• Sympathetic speeds up heart rate & parasympathetic slow down heart rate

IN ENS, neurons function indepently of ANS & CNS.

True or False? 

• structural & functional unit of nervous system

• electrical excitability
• conductivity

• Neurofibrils
• Nissl bodies 

Dendrites conduct impulses away from the cell body.

True or False. 

False. from the axon hillock

Initial segment is just the first part of the axon. 

It is between intial segment & axon hillock.

It generates impulses 

1. Leakage (nongated) channels
2. Gated channels

1. Ligand-gated
2. Voltage-gated
3. Mechanically-gated

Voltage-gated channels open in response to change in voltage (from -70mV to -55 mV).

True or False

1. Moves organells & materials along surfaces of microtubules

What is a disease related to fast axonal transport that disrups motor neurons, causing painful spasms?

hint: octopus w/ 10 tentacles

FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

What is one type of neurons that is 90% of neurons in the body?

What does it do? 

1. Interneurons
2. Connect sensory to motor neurons

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

What is the most common cell type? 

FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

Sensory neurons transport  1)______ _______ from 2)_____, 3)_____, 4)_______, 5)______ _______ & _______ to CNS

1. sensory information
2. skin
3. muscles
4. joints
5. sensory organs & viscera

FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

Motor (afferent) neurons send motor nerve impulses to muscles & glands.

Find 2 mistakes in this sentence. It's tricky. 

THERES ONLY ONE MISTAKE.

Motor neurons are called EFFERENT neurons 

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

Which type of neuron have one main dendrite & one axon?

Where can you find them? (hint: eyes, ears, nose)

1. BIPOLAR NEURONS
2. in retina, inner ear & olfactory

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

Sensory neurons are what type of neurons? What's one special characteristic of this type of neuron? 

1. UNIPOLAR NEURONS
2. one process only

Neuroglial cells can divide. True or False.

Explain 

 4 TYPES OF neuroglial cells in CNS ARE:

1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal

2 cell types in PNS

1. Satellite cells
2. Schwann cells

Astrocytes, the pretty star-shaped cell, does what?

3 functions

1. forms BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER by covering capillaries
2. Metabolize neurotransmitters
3. Regulate Potassium (K) balance

Microglia

*micro = small 

What is one function of ependymal cells?

hint: it looks like epithelial tissues, so it has similar function as epithelial tissues 

line the

1. cerebral cavities (ventricles)
2. central canal 

Satellite cells, the flat =( cells surround the neuronal cell bodies in 1)________ ________.

Support neurons 2)______ ______ in the 3)_______ _________ (same as 1) 

1) & 3) peripheral (NS) ganglia

2) cell bodies 

False. ONLY by neurilemma. NO MYELIN SHEATH wrapping.

UNMYELINATED 

In the brain, gray matter is 1) _____, white is 2)_____

In the spinal cord, gray matter is 3) ______ , white is 4) ________ 

hint: grey matter correlated w/ human intelligence, so it should be central in the brain 

1. inside
2. outside
3. outside
4. inside

collection of grey matter in CNS is called?

in PNS is called? 

1. in CNS, nuclei
2. in PNS, ganglia

• larger neurons transmit impulses more quickly
• heating up neurons transmit impulses more quickly
• myelination transmit impulses more quickly

GREY MATTER = NEURON PROCESS

WHITE MATTER = NEURON CELL BODIES

T OR F? 

FALSE.

GREY MATTER = NEURON CELL BODIES

WHITE MATTER = NEURON PROCESS 

1. Action Potentials that can travel long distances
2. Graded potentials that are local membrane changes only

1) At resting membrane potential, - ions are ______ cell membrane, + ions are ______ cell membrane

2) Is cell polarized in resting membrane potential?

1. inside; outside
2. yes

1. Depolarizing
2. Repolarizing
3. Refractory

1. in dendrite & neuron cell body only

• ACTION

1. Mechanical Gated Ions Channels
2. Ligand Gated Ions Channels

What are other names for graded potential?

3 other names: 

1. POSTSYNAPTIC
2. RECEPTOR
3. GENERATOR

When a cell becomes more positively charged in the outside and negatively charged in the inside, it is called DEPOLARIZATION.

T OR F?