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BIOL1407-Unit3
Ch 23-25
34
Biology
Undergraduate 2
06/07/2012

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Term
Ecology
Definition
branch of biology which studies the relationships of organisms with their environment.
Term
Classification
Definition
arranging organisms into groups based on similarities in evolutionary relationships.
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
study of the classification of all living organisms
Term
Taxon
Definition
any unit of classification
Term
Biologists have identified about _______________ species of living organisms.
Definition
1.7 million
Term
Globally, the rate of species loss may be 50 times _______ now than at any time in the past 100,000 years.
Definition
higher
Term
Species
Definition
group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
Term
Binomial nomenclature
Definition
system of naming organisms which uses Latin genus and species names.
ex: Eastern Bluebird: Sialia Sialis; Western Bluebird: Sialia mexicana)
Term
Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne)
Definition
"Father of Taxonomy" 1750, developed systme of binomial nomenclature
Term
Genus
Definition
first letter captialized & underlined (or in italics)
Term
Species
Definition
Genus + trivial name (lower case & italics)
Term
Systematics
Definition
scientific study of organism diversity and their evolutionary relationships
Term
Phylogeny
Definition
"Production of phyla" Complete evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Term
Clade
Definition
A group of organisms ith a common ancestor and all of its descendents.
Term
Cladistics
Definition
the methods used to group species; based on molecular techniques
Term
Cladogram
Definition
tree diagram that shows evolutionary relationships based on cladistics
Term
Shared Ancestral Characteristics
Definition
features present in the ancestral species that remain present in all descendants of that ancestor
Term
Shared Derived Characteristics
Definition
new evolved traits that originate in a recent common ancestor and are present in its descendants (=clade)
Term
Monophyletic Group
Definition
Once ancestral species and all its descendants. Defined by derived characteristics.
Term
Paraphyletic Group
Definition
One common ancestor but only some of its descendants.
Term
Polyphyletic Group
Definition
Several evolutionary lines that do not share the same common ancestor.
Term
Human Classification
Definition
Domain - Eukarya
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo
Species - Homo sapians
Term
Domain Bacteria include:
Definition
bacteria & cyanobacteris (blue-green algea)
Term
Coccus (cocci)
Definition
Sperical shaped bacteria
ex: streptococcus, staphylococcus
Term
Bacillus (bacilli)
Definition
Rod shaped bacteria
Term
Spirillum (spirilla) or Spirochete
Definition
Coiled bacteria that exists only singularly
ex: lyme disease, syphilis spirochete
Term
Domains Bacteria/Acrhaea
Definition
1. Prokaryotes-no definite nucleus
2. Assexual through binary fission, budding, fragmentation
3. One circular chromosome made of DNA
4. No membrane-bound organelles
5. Have ribosomes
6. Most have cell walls
Term
Aerobes
Definition
rewuire free atmospheric oxygen
Term
Obligate Anaerobes
Definition
Do no require free oxygen, cannot survive in its presence, oxygen is lethal
ex. Tetanus (lockjaw), gangrene
Term
Facultative Anaerobics
Definition
can live with or without oxygen
ex. E. coli, Streptococcus, staphylococcus
Term
Ways bateria are beneficial
Definition
1. Decomposers - recycling
2. Industry - antibiotics, cheeses, pickles, yougurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut, soy sauce
3. Nitrogen fixation in soil - agriculture
4. Manufacture vitamins in digestive system - help in digestion of food.
Term
Ways bacteria are harmful
Definition
1. Pathogens - causes diseases in plants and animals
2. Contamination or spoilage of food
Term
Viruses
Definition
non-living (only reproduce and have genetic variability); no metabolism; obligate intracellular parasites
Made of genetic material & a protein coat.
Term
Viruses are:
Definition
highly infective with all types of cells being potentially susceptible.
ex. hepatitis, mumps, chickenpox, influenza
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