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| the biochemical reactions that allow a cell or organism to extract energy from its surroundings and use that energy to maintain itself, grow, and reproduce |
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| the study of the energy flow during chemical and physical reactions |
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| first law of thermodynamics |
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| the principle that energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed |
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| second law of thermodynamics |
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| principle that for any process in which a system changes from an initial to a final state, the total disorder of a system and its surroundings always increases |
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| disorder, in thermodynamics |
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| chemical or physical reaction that occurs without inside help |
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| the potential energy in a system |
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| referring to a reaction that releases energy, that is, a reaction in which the products have less potential energy than the reactants |
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| referring to a reaction that absorbs energy, that is, a reaction in which the products have more potential energy than the reactants |
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| the energy in a system that is available to do work |
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| the term indicating that a reaction may go from left to right or from right to left, depending on conditions |
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| reaction that has a negative change in free energy because it releases free energy |
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| reaction that can proceed only if free energy is supplied |
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| a metabolic pathway in which energy is released by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds. an individual reaction in a catabolic pathway is a catabolic reaction. |
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| cellular reaction that breaks down complex molecules such as sugar to make their energy available for cellular work |
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| a metabolic pathway in which energy is used to build complicated molecules from simpler ones; also called a biosynthetic pathway. An individual reaction in a(n) ____________ ___________ is a _____________ reaction, also called a biosynthetic reaction. |
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| metabolic reaction that requires energy to assemble simple substances into more complex molecules |
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| an individual reaction in an anabolic pathway (biosynthetic pathway) |
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| the process in living cells by which the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to an endergonic reaction so that energy is not wasted as heat |
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| the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule |
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| the continual hydrolysis and resynthesis of ATP in living cells |
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| the initial input of energy required to start a reaction |
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| substance with the ability to accelerate a spontaneous reaction without being changed by the reaction |
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| the process of accelerating a chemical reaction with a catalyst |
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| protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction |
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| the particular reacting molecule or molecular group that an enzyme catalyzes |
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| the ability of an enzyme to catalyze the reaction of only a single type of molecule or group of closely related molecules |
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| the region of an enzyme to which substrate(s) bind and where catalysis occurs |
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| an inorganic or organic nonprotein group that is necessary for catalysis to take place |
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| organic cofactors that include complex chemical groups of various kinds |
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| enzymes for which increases in substrate concentration have no effect on the reaction rate |
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| inhibition of an enzyme reaction by an inhibitor molecule that resembles the normal substrate closely enough so that it fits into the active site of the enzyme |
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| noncompetitive inhibition |
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| inhibition of an enzyme reaction by an inhibitor molecule that binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site and, therefore, does not compete directly with the substrate for binding to the active site |
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| specialized control mechanism for enzymes with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, that may either slow or accelerate activity depending on the enzyme |
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| a regulatory site outside the active site |
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| molecule that converts an enzyme with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from the active form to the inactive form |
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| molecule that converts an enzyme with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from the active form to the inactive form |
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| feedback inhibition / end-product inhibition |
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| in enzyme reactions, regulation in which the product of a reaction acts as a regulator of the reaction |
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| the process by which energy-rich molecules are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP |
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| the form of cellular respiration found in eukaryotes and many prokaryotes in which oxygen is a reactant in the ATP-producing process |
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| the form of cellular respiration found in some prokaryotes in which a molecule other than oxygen is used in the ATP-producing process |
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| the removal of electrons from a substance |
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| substance from which the electrons are removed during oxidation |
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| the addition of electrons to a substance |
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| substance that receives electrons during reduction |
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| coupled oxidation-reduction reaction in which electrons are removed from a donor molecule and simultaneously added to an acceptor molecule |
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| stage of cellular respiration in which sugars such as glucose are partially oxidized and broken down into smaller molecules |
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| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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| an enzyme-catalyzed reaction that transers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP |
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| pyruvate oxidation (pyruvic acid oxidation) |
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| stage of cellular respiration in which the three-carbon molecule pyruvate is converted into a two-carbon acetyl group that is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide |
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| citric acid cycle / Krebs cycle / tricarboxylic acid cycle |
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| series of reactions in which acetyl groups are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and some ATP molecule are synthesized |
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| oxidative phosphorylation |
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| synthesis of ATP in whcih ATP synthase uses an H+ gradient built by the electron transfer system as the energy source to make the ATP |
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| stage of cellular respiration in which high-energy electrons produced from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are delivered to oxygen by a sequene of electron carriers |
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| a membrane-spanning protein complex that couples the energetcally favorable transport of protons across a membrane to the synthesis of ATP |
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| technique that divides cells in specific directions in a developing organ |
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| mitochondrial electron transfer system |
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| series of electron carriers that alternately pick up and release electrons, ultimately transferring them to their final acceptor oxygen |
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| proteins with a heme prosthetic group that contains an iron atom |
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| stored energy that contributes to ATP synthesis, as well as to the cotransport of substances to and from mitochondria |
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| model proposing that mitochondrial electron transer produces an H+ gradient and than the gradient powers ATP synthesis by ATP synthase |
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| process in which electrons carried by NADH are transferred to an organic acceptor molecule rather than to the electron transfer system |
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| reaction in which pyruvate is converted into lactate |
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| reaction in which pyruvate is converted into ethyl alcohol and CO2 in a two-step series that also converts NADH into NAD+ |
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| organism in which fermentation is the only source of ATP |
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| an organism that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen, using oxygen when it is present and living by fermentation under anaerbobic conditions |
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| cell with an absolute requirement for oxygen to survive, unable to live solely by fermentations |
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| the converstion of light energy to chemical energy in the form of sugar and other organic molecules |
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| an organism that produces its own food using CO2 and other simple inorganic compounds from its environment and energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances |
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| photosynthetic organism that uses light as its energy source and carbon dioxide was its carbon source |
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| an organism that acquires energy and nutrients by eating other organisms or their remains |
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| light-dependent reactions |
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| the first stage of photosynthesis, in which the energy of sunlight is absorbed and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH |
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| light-independent reactions / Calvin Cycle / C3 pathway |
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| the second stage of photosynthesis, in which electrons are used as a source of energy to convert inorganic CO2 to an organic form |
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| process in which electrons are used as a source of energy to convert inorganic CO2 to an organic form |
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| the range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation extending from gamma rays to the longest radio waves and including visible light |
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| molecules of green pigment that absorb photons of light in photosynthesis |
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| molecule of yellow-orange pigment by which light is absorbed in photosynthesis |
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| curve representing the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength |
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| graph produed by plotting the effectiveness of light at each wavelength in driving photosynthesis |
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| a large complex into which the light-absorbing pigments for photosynthesis are organized with proteins and other molecules |
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| in photosynthesis, a protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that uses energy absorbed from sunlight to synthesize NADPH |
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| in photosynthesis, a protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that uses energy absorbed from sunlight to synthesize ATP |
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| antenna complex / light-harvesting complex |
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| in photosystems, the sites at which light is absorbed and converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis, an aggregate of many clorophyll pigments and a number of carotenoid pigments that serves as the primary site of absorbing light energy in the form of photons |
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| part of photosystems I and II in chloroplasts of plants. in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the reaction center receives light energy absorbed the antenna complex in the same photosystem |
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| pathway in photosynthesis in which electrons travel in a one-way direction from H2O to NADP+ |
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| the synthesis of ATP coupled to the transfer of electrons energized by photons of light |
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| an electron transport pathway associated with photosystem I in photosynthesis that produces ATP without the synthesis of NADPH |
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| RuBP carboxylase/oxygensase (rubisco) |
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| an enzyme that catalyzes the key reaction of the Calvin cycle, carbon fixation, in which CO2 combines with RuBP (ribulose 1,5-biphosphate) to form 3-phosphoglycerate(3PGA) |
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| a process the metabolizes a by-product of photosynthesis |
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| in C4 plants the pathway to fix CO2 into oxaloacetate in mesophyll cells and then produce CO2 for the Calvin cycle in bundle sheath cells |
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| in CAM plants, the pathway to fix CO2 into oxaloacetate and then produce CO2 for the Calvin cycle, both occuring in mesophyll cells, but separated by time of day. CAM stands for "crassulacean acid metabolism" |
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| crassulacean acid metabolism |
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| a biochemical variation of photosynthesis that was discovered in a member of the plant family Crassulceae. Carbon dioxide is taken up and stored during the night to allow the stomata to remain closed during the daytime, decreasing water loss |
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