Term
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Definition
single stranded; made up of 4 molecules similar to DNA called ribonucleic
- Sugar-Phosphate Complex
- Nitrogen Containing bases
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| Process of Differentiation |
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Definition
- occurs only once
- cells select genes to express
- determines cell identity
- other genes turned off
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Term
| DNA is made of _____which is built from_____ ______ ____? |
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Definition
Nucleotides
- Sugar molecules
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogen-Containing base
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Term
| Genome→_____→Genes→DNA→_____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- the contruction of a protein from its amino acid through the process of Translation and Transcription
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Term
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Definition
| Each three base sequence of mRNA |
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Definition
| A part of the DNA that indicates the start of the gene |
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Definition
| A sequence of bases on the DNA that signals the end of a gene |
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Definition
| Works to interpret mRNA code to match specific mRNA bases an amino acid |
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Definition
| the three base sequence of tRNA that matches with an amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| arrangement of DNA in an individual organism |
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Definition
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Term
| Deoxyyribonucleic Acid(DNA) |
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Definition
| stores info that is important in guiding cell function |
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Term
Chromosome means_____, which is a double helix wrapped around a ______
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Definition
| Organized groups of DNA; Histone |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, that holds the info required to produced a fuuntional product (usaually RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternate version of genes, keyed for the same features |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics or feature of an organism |
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Definition
| actual genes and organism carries for a trait |
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Definition
| the physical structure behavior or function produces by a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Regions of DNA between or within DNA that are not recognized to code or be expressed to create a protein |
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Term
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Definition
- Converts DNA to mRNA
- Occurs in Nucleus
- Requires DNA template and RNA Polymerase
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Term
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Definition
| Recognize and Bind-RNA Polymerase find promoter cite on DNA Sequence, it then binds there and begins to unwind to beable to read. Transcribe-As the DNA is read RNA polymerase builds a copy of the gene creating mRNA transcript.Terminate-RNA Polymerase reaches the termination sequence and stops creating the mRNA transcript, then it detaches and the mRNA strand is released and moves in to the cytoplasm. Capping and Editing-add caps and tails to protect mRNA and splices out introns. |
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Term
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Definition
- Convert mRNA to protein
- Located in the cytoplasm
- Requires ribosome, amino acid, tRNA
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Term
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Definition
| Recognize and Initiate- Subunits of ribosomes find the start codon and assemble. first tRNA enters ribosome(always AUG)Elongate-the next tRNA enters the ribosome and the previos amino acid bonds with the next |
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Term
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Definition
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Term
| mRNA Location and Funtions |
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Definition
| In Nucleus, migrates to ribosomes in cytoplasm. Carries DNA sequence information to ribosomes |
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Term
| tRNA Location and Functions |
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Definition
| Cytoplasm, Provides linkage between mRNA and amino acid; transfers amino acids to ribosomes |
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Term
| rRNA Location and Functions |
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Definition
| Cytoplasm, Structural component of ribosomes |
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Term
How is Translation Regulated? |
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Definition
The lifespan of the mRNA dictates how much protein can be produced from the mRNA
After mRNA degrades, a new transcript must be made if we
want to produce the protein again |
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Term
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Definition
| is a change in DNA that changes mRNA and may alter Protein produces in the gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Happens when one nucleotide pair in the DNA is replaced with another or a base pair is inserted or deleted |
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Term
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Definition
| happens when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted changing the DNA coding |
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Term
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Definition
| the change to the organization of a gene on a chromosome that can be a result of a insertion or deletion of an entire part of an DNA, |
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Term
| what is the purpose of Trascription |
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Definition
| to make a copy of the DNA |
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Term
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Since DNA provides information to make proteins, why is RNA needed?
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Definition
| to deal with the location issue; DNA is in the nucleus and proteins are made in the cytoplasm |
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Term
Blood cells and muscle cells make different proteins because: |
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Definition
| even though they both have the same genes, they express different genes |
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Term
Down's syndrome is also called trisomy 21. This means: |
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Definition
| there are 3 chromosomes in the 21st pair due to a mistake during meiosis |
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Term
| A 42 year old woman becomes pregnant. Her physician recommends an amniocentesis (a test for fetal chromosomal disorders). When the results are analyzed by the lab, it is determined that the fetus has 45 chromosomes. |
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Definition
This is caused by a nondisjunction that occurred during gamete formation. One of the chromosomes did not separate properly and one of the gametes was lacking a chromosome (22). When this gamete was fertilized by a normal gamete (23 chromosomes) the result was a monosomy (an individual with 45 chromosomes). |
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Term
When the woman and her husband consult a genetic counselor, they are told that this problem is likely to have occurred in the woman’s egg cells as opposed to her 50 year old husband’s sperm cells. Explain why?
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Definition
The eggs in a female are the age of the female. With age, the cells can be damaged. They have also been in an arresting period for a long time. In men, sperm do not age because old sperm are degraded and replaced. |
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Term
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Definition
| using living organisms and their molecules for practical benifits |
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Term
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Definition
an embryo missing a chromosome
Ex. X_ AKA Turner's Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
an embryo with and extra chromosome
EX.Trisomy 21 AKA Down Syndrome (3 Chromosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| The manipulation of the genetic material of an organism by adding, removing, or transplanting genes from on living thing to another |
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Definition
| combination of the same species to obatain a desired trait in the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| A functional gene is inserted in cells to replace the dyfunctional one |
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Term
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Definition
| a project that worked to map out and decode 3 million base pairs and identify all the genes in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of DNA strands from Body tissue to identify a suspect or match |
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Term
Three Major Applications of Biotechnology:
and for what reasons are they used? |
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Definition
Agriculture, Improve food quality/nutrition, Increase crop yield, animal health
Medical:Vaccines, Diagnostics, Pharmaceuticals
Environmental: bioremedication, monitoring, prevention of pollution
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Term
| Step 1 of Biotechnology: Chopping up |
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Definition
| DNA is cut up into smaller pieces using a restriction enzyme |
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Term
| Step 2 of Biotechnology: Amplify |
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Definition
| The Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) is done by heating DNA to seperate it to make it single strand then cooling it and using DNA Polymerase to add free nucleotides. (DNA able to replicate many times) |
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Term
| Step 3 of Biotechnology: Insert |
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Definition
| transgenic organism is created when genes are transferred from one species to another. Plasmids are inserted into the organisms genome |
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Term
| Step 4 of Biotechnology: Grow |
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Definition
| once DNA is inserted in to a cell it creates a clone every time the cell divides. All of the clones genetic makeup creates the clone /gene library |
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Term
| Step 5 of Biotechnology: Identify |
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Definition
| Hybridization which uses a short sequence of single stranded DNA, known as a DNA probe, and has some modified nucleotides that carry radioactive elements, organizes the clone library. |
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Term
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Definition
Genetically Modified Organismd
Ex: Corn, Cotton, Soybeans, Turkey |
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Term
| Insect Resistance(Agricultural) |
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Definition
| using the genetic coding to produce Bt crystals in crops to kill pests that try to eat them |
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Term
| Herbicide Resistance(Agricultural) |
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Definition
| by inserting genes from bacteria that are resistant to herbicides in to crops so that the herbicides can be sprayed to kill weeds, but not the crops. |
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Term
| Faster Growth and Bigger Bodies(Agricultural) |
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Definition
| Animals are injected with genes to grow faster and larger. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that have not differentiated abd have the ability to divide repeatedly. |
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Term
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Definition
- Totipotent-form new individuals
- Pluripotent-can transform in to a variety of cells.
- Multipotent-already partially differentiated.
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Term
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Definition
| the production of a genetically identical copy of a cell or organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cloning is stopped at a specific point so that the cells can be used. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells continued to divide in order to grow in to an organism |
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Term
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Definition
used to create new products to improve tissue function or replace diseased or damaged tissue.
EX. wake forest creates synthetic bladders, organ donation requires immune system respones to be depressed so that the new organ or tissues are not rejected. |
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Term
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Definition
| the consequences of passing traits from parent to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| traits carried on one gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Breeding of organisms that carry different traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Breeding organisms with similar traits so that offspring have share that trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| a tool used to find the probability of passing on or recieving a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary traitthat can mask the recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| the secondary trait only expressed if the primary trait was not inherited |
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Term
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Definition
| two of the same alleles for a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| two different alleles for a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that is heterozygous for a trait |
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Term
| Mendel's Law of Segregation |
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Definition
| out of each individual two copies of a gene only one will be in each gamete |
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Term
| Normal Dominant/Recessive (Single Gene) |
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Definition
| One allele is completely dominant over a recessive one |
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Term
| Multiple alleles (Single Gene) |
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Definition
There is more than two alleles to choose from in the gene pool.
EX. Blood Type |
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Term
| Incomplete Dominance (Single Gene) |
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Definition
Only applies to heterozygous individuals and occurs when the two different alleles both try to be expressed resulting in an intermediate phenotype
EX: R red y yellow Ry=orange |
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Term
| Codominance (Single Gene) |
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Definition
In a heterozygous individual when two different alleles are fully expressed
EX: Type AB blood type |
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