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Biol. 1108 Test 2 review
Review for test 2 in biological principles 2
39
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/19/2009

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Term
Plant-Like Protistins are:
Definition
  1. Mainly photosynthetic
  2. Informally called algae
  3. Most members are in the species phytoplankton.
Term
Major Groups of Plant-Like Protistins:
Definition
  1. Phytoplankton
  2. Algae
Term
Phytoplankton Characteristics:
Definition
  • Mostly single-celled
  • Autotrophic
  • Mainly marine - some freshwater
  • Microscopic (most)
  • Drift with water currents
  • Form base of most all aquatic food chains
  • (Phytoplankton are algae, but carry these specific characteristics.)
Term
Algae:
Definition
  • Larger & most all multi-celled
  • Red - Brown - greed algae (seaweed)
Term

[Algae]

Phylum Chlorophyta:

Definition
  • Green algae
  • Ancient group probably gave rise to green plants
  • Most like green plants above all others
    • Pigments - chlorphil a
    • Cell wall - cellulose
    • Food reserve - True starch
  • Mixture fresh & marine sp.
Term

[Algae]

Phylum Phaenophyta:

Definition
  • Brown algae
  • Live mainly in inner tidle zones of cool & temperate marine waters.
  • All multi-celled
  • Only a few of the cf 1,500 sp. are fresh water.
  • Kelps = largest protistins known [up to 60 meters long]
    • Show a high degree of external differentiation
  • Economic value - Agar in/over cells  [used for tooth paste, jello, icecream, gel agar, ect.]
Term

[Algae]

Phylum Rhodophyta:

Definition
  • Red algae
  • Compared to brown; smaller = (largest about 0.7 m long)
  • Warm marine waters - very few that are fresh water
  • Live in deepest water
    • Pigment they have allows this (catches light, pigment)
  • Some take in CaCO3 into cell walls
  • Economic value - Food & Fertilizer
Term
Kingdom Fungi General Characteristics:
Definition
  • Most are multi-celled
  • Major decomposers
  • Heterotrophs
    • Saprobic
    • Parasitic
  • Secrete digestive enzymes outside of cell & cells absorb the broken down products. = Extracellular
  • Metabolic activities:
    • Release CO2 into atmosphere
    • Return many simple nutrients to the soil that are absolutely needed by autotrophs (green plants)
  • Most common = Fungal hyphae become modified to form a reproductive structure that gives rise to spores = sporangium.
    • Spores give rise to new mycelium.
    • Mycelium -
  • # sp. = about 100,000 sp.
  • Some fungi are pathogenic
Term
Saprobic-
Definition
Obtain nutrients & carbon from nonliving organic matter (plants & animals)
Term
Parasitic Fungi-
Definition
Nutrients & carbon from a living host.
Term
Mycelium-
Definition
A mesh of tiny branching filaments made up of hypae cells. = The food-absorbing part.
Term
What are the 3 major divisions (phylum) of Fungi:
Definition

Common Name

Phylum Taxon

Zygomycetes

Zygomycota

SAC Fungi

Ascomycota

Club Fungi

Basidiomycota

Term
What does it mean that some fungi are pathogenic?
Definition

They can lead to:

  • Food spoilage
  • Disease- chestnut blight
  • Ring worms
  • Athletes foot
  • Rot of Stone fruits
  • Poisoning
  • Smut & rust of grains.
Term
Fungi Reproductive Modes?
Definition
  • Haploid & diploid stages
  • Reproduce sexually & asexually by spores. [Not motile spores]
  • Spores = Germinate into a new mycelium
  • Spores produced in Sporangia = Asexual
  • Spores produced in Gametatangia = Sexual
Term
Phyulum Zygomycota:
Definition
  • Known as zygote fungi
    • Form a resistant structure by sexual reproduction called a zygosporangium.
  • Mostly terrestrial in soil, but also in decaying matter.
  • One group forms mygorhizae.
  • Zygomycete hyphae are cenucytic = multinucleus.
Term

[Phylum Zygomycota]

Ex. Rhizopus Stilonifer

Definition
  • Responsible for food spoilage
  • Life cycle:
  1.  
    1. Horizontal hypae spread out over food source (bread) - penetrate & absorb nutrients.
    2. In asexual stage: sporangia develop in the tips of the upright hypae.→ Spores develop & are dispearsed in the air. → Land on a new food source & germinate into new hypae (=mycelia).
    3. If environmental conditions deteriate = Reproduce sexually:
      • Mycelia of opposite mating type (+ -; stolons) are identical in appearance, but diff. in chemical markers. → Produce a resistant structure (environmentally) called a zygosporangium (called nuclear fission) → Resistant to freezing & descication.
      • → When conditions improve, zygosporangia release genetically diverse spores that colonize new food.
Term
Phylum Ascomycota:
Definition
  • SAC Fungi
  • Cf. 60,000 sp.
  • Produce sexual spores in Sac-like asci in an Ascocarp.
  • Asexual = conia → produce conidial spores
  • Most are terrestrial, but some are aquatic or marine & fresh water.
  • Range in size from unicellular yeasts to large elaborate cup fungi & morals.
  • Include some of the most devistating plant pathogens
    • Others are simple saprobs
    • Many live with algae in a mutualistic association called Lichons.
    • Others form myconizae with plants.
    • Others live in plant leaves and help protect leave by releasing toxic compounds (protect from insects)
  • Reproductive:
    • Asexual spores - produce lots of asexual spores that are wind dispersed.
      • Produced on specialized conidphoras (conidia = spores)
    • Sexual
      • Form distinctive reproductive structures called ascocorp.
Term

[Phylum Ascomycota]

Yeasts:

Definition
  • About 500 sp. known.
  • Many live in nectar of flowers & in fruits & in leaves of plants.
  • CO2 by-product.
  • Ethanol end-product in yeast metabolism.
  • Some used in genetic engineering studies.
Term
Phylum Basidiomycota:
Definition
  • Club fungi (common name)
  • Largest - # of species
  • Includes:
    • Grocery store mushroom
    • Many saparobic types in this phylum
    • Many are symbiants
  • General life cycles:
    • Spore producing cells = Basidia (bear sexual spores)
    • Basidia develop on a short-live reproductive structure = Basidiocarp = spores develop on gills.
    • Spores fall off and can germinate into + or - mycelia cells.
    • When hypae of two compatable types (+ -) come together = cytoplasmic fusion (Dikaryotic mycelium)
Term
Imperfect Fungi:
Definition
Some not easily classified = several w/ no sexual phase.
Term
Commensalism -
Definition
When one species benefits from another, the other species is usually neither harmed nor benefited.
Term
Parasitism-
Definition
One species lives off another, the other (host) is harmed.
Term
Mutualism-
Definition
  • Both species (often very disimilar) benefit from each other.

Obligate mutualism- Obligated to each other for survival.

 

Faculative mutualism- Both can live w/o each other. [They are just better off with each other.]

Term

[Fungi]

[Beneficial Associations]

Lichons:

Definition
  • Mutualistic association b/w a fungus & cyanobacteria and/or green algae ↔ (single celled species)
  • Lichon forms when fungal species penetraits the algeal species w/ its hyphae & holds it.
  • Fungal species - absorbs carbohydrates from the host (green algae)
  • Algal species = photosynthetic organism suffers in its own growth, but they benefit from the sheltering effect of the fungal species = allows the algal species to live in harsh environments.
Term

[Fungi]

[Beneficial Associations]

Mycorhizae:

Definition
  • Called a "fungus root."
  • Form a mutualism b/w fungal hyphae and young roots of vascular plants (trees)
  • Fungus = Absorbs carbohydrates from host plant.
  • Plant = Absorbs needed mineral ions from fungus.
Term
Plant Kingdom Gen. Characteristics:
Definition
  • Consists of photoautotrophs:
    • Use chlorophyl a & b
    • Multi-celled
    • Nearly all are terrestrial
  • In general, plants are:
    • Structurally adapted to intercept light.
    • Absorb water & minteral ions.
    • Conserve water.
    • Have lignin reinforced tissue that permits upright growth.
    • Root or root-like systems to mine soil for mineral ions and water.
    • Have stomata (tiny passage ways) for taking in CO2= leaves.
    • Most all have vascular system to conduct water and solutes.
Term
Other Plant Characteristics:
Definition
  • cf. 295,000 sp. -Most are vascular
  • Only 19,000 species are nonvascular = Bryophite → seedless.
  • Seedless vascular plants - ferns, horsetails, etc.
  • Gymnosperms - cycaids, ginkos, conofers → have seeds
  • Angiosperms - Flowers, seeds, - Monocots & Dicots.
  • Ancestors of plants probably evolved in seas cf. 700 mya - 400 mya they appeared on land.
Term
Bryophytes:
Definition
  • Seedless - Nonvascular
  • Includes mosses, liverwarts, hornworts.
  • Overall, most grow in fully or seasonally moist habitats.
  • Overall, most - small, most less than 20 cm tall
  • Most have rhizoids.
    • Attach to soil
    • Serve as absorbitive structures, just like roots.
  • Simplest plants to exhibit 3 features seen in all plants:
  • Bryophytes ( = 3 phylum) - Gametophites most conspicuous & dominant of life history.
  • Spores - germinate into a new gametophyte = most all are male or female.
Term
What are the 3 features seen in all plants?
Definition
  1. Cuticle that prevents water loss.
  2. Cellular jacket or covering around sperm & egg producing parts.
  3. Have gametophytes & sporophytes.
Term
Ecological & Economical benefits of bryophites:
Definition
  • Sphagum sp.
  • Wind dispersal of liteweight spores has distributed them across the world.
  • They form essential habitats for many small invertibrates.
  • <Sphagum is> wet land moss that forms extensive deposits of undecayed organic matter = peat bogs.
  • World's peat lands [collectively] store extimate 400 million tons of organic carbon = carbon resevoir plays an important role in stabilizing atmosphere CO2 concentraition.
  • Today = [economically] they are harvested as soil conditioner.
Term
Why does the Sphagum sp. not decay?
Definition
  • They grow in low temperatures.
  • Release acidic compounds when die.
  • Quick burial and cut off from oxygen.
Term
Seedless Vacular Plants:
Definition
  • Includes Whisk ferns, lycophytes, horsetails, ferns (pteridophytes).
  • How they differ from bryophytes:
    • Vascular
    • Sporophyte not attached to gametophyte.
    • Sporophyte is dominant part of life cycle.
Term
Gametophyte-
Definition
Hybrid - gamatae producing phase - sexual
Term
Sporophyte-
Definition
Grows from zygote; spore producing phase of life cycle.
Term
Sorus (sori)-
Definition
Phylum pterophyta (ferns = under ferns - sporophyte)
Term

[Seed-Bearing Vascular Plants]

Gymnosperms:

Definition
  • No flowers.
  • Best known group are the conifers. Phylum coniferophyta.
    • Includes: Rines, furs, spruces, junipers, redwoods, some shrubs, etc.
    • Most all are evergreen.
    • Have: Needle-like or scale like leaves.
    • Cones = clusters of modified leaves [reproduction]
    • Heterospores=
      • Microspores = from male cones (pollen) - small cones
      • Megaspores = female cones, develop into female gametophyte

Pollen - grains drift off of the male cone, → some land on ovules of female cone = pollination → seed - germinate into new sporophyte.

Term

[Seed-Bearing Vascular Plants]

Angiosperms:

Definition
  • Flowering, seed-bearing plants ... Vascular
  • Only angiosperms produce flowers
  • Many coevolved w/ pollenator.
  • At least 260,000 sp. - size: few mm upto 100+ meters
  • Are a few that are not photosynthetic = parasytic.
  • Most successful plants in terms of diversity, numbers, and distribution.
  • Two major classes:
    • Monocots: cf. 80,000 sp.
    • Dicots: cf. 180,000 sp.
Term

[Seed-Bearing Vascular Plants]

[Angiosperms]

Monocot:

Definition
  • One leaf startout.
  • Root zylum, formed in ring.
  • Vascular bundles various.
  • Flower part in 3's or multiples of 3's
Term

[Seed-Bearing Vascular Plants]

[Angiosperms]

Dicot:

Definition
  • Two leaf startout.
  • Root zylum in a cross (x).
  • Vascular bundles in strict ring.
  • Flower parts in 4's or 5's or multiples of 4's or 5's.
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