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| All living things are made from cells, and arise from pre-existing cells. |
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| All living things are made up of cells, and arise from pre-existing cells. |
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| "Gatekeepers" of the cell |
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| Phospholipids in the cell |
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| Hydrophilic face out, hydrophobic face in. |
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| Chloride ions build up in the cell membrane |
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| Bind to receptors and proteins and prevent adrenaline from binding to the cell. |
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| The membrane surrounds and engulfs other particles. |
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| The membrane brings in much smaller vesicles. |
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| Watery fluid outside of the cell. |
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| Watery fluid inside of the cell. |
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| Lipids inside of the membrane are called... |
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| Short, branched, hydrophilic chains. |
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| A membrane protein that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. |
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| Moderates fluidity and flexibility |
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| Receive external chemicals to regulate cell process |
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| Carbohydrate chains provide a ___ for the cell. |
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| Analyzes the fingerprint of the cell, foreign cells are attacked. Ex: Organ transplant failure. |
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| Clusters of Differentiation |
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| CD Markers. Cells in the body have CD4 Markers. Necessary for a healthy immune system. |
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| Passageway for the molecules to travel in and out of the cell. |
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| Accelerate intracellular and extracellular reaction on the plasma membrane. |
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| Animal and plant cells are what type of cell? |
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| The largest and most prominent organelle in most eukaryotes. |
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| Genetic control center, stores hereditary information. |
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| Two bilayers covered in pores that surround the Nucleus. |
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| Near the center of the nucleus, where subunits of the Ribosomes are assembled. |
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| Extended DNA. Long, thin, fibers with some proteins attached. |
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| Eukaryotic Cells have been around for how long? |
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| Compartments with specialized functions |
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| The inner "scaffolding" of the cell. Provides shape and support, controls intracellular traffic, and enables movement. |
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| The three types of protein fibers in the Cytoskeleton are... |
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| Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate filaments. |
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| Hair-like organelles, that moves fluids past cells. |
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| Hair-like organelles, that moves the cell itself. |
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| Converts energy from food into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. |
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| Space inside inner membrane. |
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| Space between inner and outer membrane. |
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| Mitochondria parts are... |
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| DNA, matrix, outer membrane, inner membrane, and inter-membrane space. |
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| Round, membrane-enclosed, acid-filled vesicles. The "garbage disposal" of the cell. |
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| The Theory of Endosymbiosis |
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| Ancestral eukaryote engulfs ancestral prokaryote and then merge. Over time, the engulfed prokaryote evolves in an organelle. |
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| Evidence supporting Endosymbiosis |
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| Chloroplasts and mitochondria are 1) Similar to prokaryotes in size and divide by fission. 2) Have their own ribosomes. 3) Have their own circular DNA. |
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| The plasma membrane of an ancestral eukaryote folds in on itself to create organelles. |
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| Has no Nucleus, and the DNA is located in the center of the cell. |
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| Prokaryotes have been around for...? |
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| Hair-like projections that help cells attach to other services. |
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| Provides structural support for the cell, even when interior is compromised by water. |
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| Allow water and other molecules to pass between adjacent cells. |
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| Store nutrients, retain/degrades waste products, has a lot of water, grabs up poison, has pigments, and provides support. |
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| Chloroplast are where ____ occurs. |
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| Flattened, sac-like membranes that are stacked on top of one another called granum. The site of photosynthesis. |
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| The Endomembrane system... |
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| produces and modifies molecules to be sent to other parts of the organism. |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum... |
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| Modifies proteins that are sent to other locations in the organism. |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies molecules to be sent to other locations, detoxifies alcohol, antibiotics, amphetamines, barbiturates, and other stimulants. |
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| With organs has a lot of smooth ER? |
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| Processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules to be sent to other locations. Makes carbohydrates. |
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| Continuous, water-tight seals around cells. Important in the small intestine. |
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| Hold cells together but are not water-tight. Found in tissue-lining cavities. |
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| Pores surrounded by special proteins that form open channels between two cells. |
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| When cells don't communicate, they don't realize when they're bumping into each other. |
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| Cells keep growing and multiplying because of contact inhibition. |
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| Tube-like channels connecting the cells to each other and enabling communication and transport between them. |
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| Both biofuels and fossil fuels have... |
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| chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms, animal fats and oils. |
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| Moving matter against an opposing force. |
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| Two ways of producing energy are... |
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| To build and break bonds. |
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| The capacity to do work that results from the location or position of an object (stored energy). |
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| Concentration gradients are a type of ____ energy. |
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| Energy stored in chemical bonds. |
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| Energy in motion; Heat, light energy. |
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| As energy is captured and converted, the amount of energy available to do work ____. |
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| The kinetic energy will _____ be greater than the potential energy. |
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| Only about _% of the sun's energy is captured and converted into chemical energy by plants. |
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| The study of the transformation of energy from one form to another. |
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| The first law of thermodynamics is... |
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| Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form. |
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| The simplified Second Law of Thermodynamics is... |
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| Every conversion of energy includes the transformation of some energy into heat. |
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| Heat is ______ to living organisms. |
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| Almost completely useless. |
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| Adenosine triphosphate; A nucleotide that is like free-floating batteries in all living organisms. The major energy currency of a cell. |
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| Parts of an ATP molecule are... |
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| Adenosine, Ribose, and Phosphate Groups. |
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| High energy bonds holds phosphates with the same charge together. |
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