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Definition
| Low molecular weight regulatory proteins or glycoproteins secreted by white blood cells and other cell types in response to various stimuli |
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| Category of cytokines. Secreted by leukocytes and act on leukocytes to promote growth and differentiation. |
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Definition
| Category of cytokines. Low molecular weight cytokines that affect adhesion, chemotaxis, and activation of leukocytes. |
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Definition
| Cytokines acting on more than one cell type. |
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Definition
| More than one cytokine accomplishing the same task. |
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| Induces T cell proliferation. High levels cause capillary leak syndrome. Involved in the culturing of LAKs and TILs. |
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Definition
| Receptor on T cell for IL-2. When bound, initiates signaling for T cell proliferation. |
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| Marker of chronic T cell activation. |
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Definition
Secretes IL-2, IFN-(gamma), and TNF-(beta). Involved in cell-mediated immunity. Involved in DTH, macrophage activation, and certain opsonic or complement-fixing IgGs.
Helps macrophages and CTLs. |
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Definition
Secretes IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. Involved in humoral immunity. Involved in eosinophil activation and creation of IgE and some other Ab classes.
Helps B cells. |
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Definition
| Stimulates differentiation of naive CD4+ T cell into Th1. Stimulates NK cells to release IFN-(gamma). |
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Definition
| Stimulates differentiation of naive CD4+ T cell into Th2. Increases IgE production. |
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| Th1 mouse's lesions heal. Th2 mouse's lesion fails to heal. |
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Definition
| Overproduction of inflammatory cytokines leading to vascular leakiness, hypotension, and multi-organ failure. |
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Definition
| Mediates signaling through most TLRs. Important in Th1 response. |
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Definition
| Recombinant erythropoietin (a cytokine) has been used illicitly to improve performance in sports. |
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Definition
CD8+ CTL precursor. Activated in lymph nodes following presentation of Ag on MHC I of licensed dendritic cell. Requires 3 signals.
Signal 1: TCR binds MHC I:Ag complex
Signal 2: CD28:B7 interaction
Signal 3: Paracrine and autocrine IL-2 |
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Term
| "Licensed" Dendritic Cell |
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Definition
| Th1 cell bound Ag presented on MHC II of dendritic cell. CD28:B7 interaction and possibly CD40:CD40L reaction required. |
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Definition
| May not require licensing. May not required CD28:B7 reaction. Requires less IL-2. |
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Definition
| Bind activated CTLs well. |
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Definition
| Upregulates ICAM-1 binding to activated CTLs. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Proteolytic enzymes found in the granules. |
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Term
| Perforin/Granzyme Pathway |
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Definition
| 24-48 hours after activation, CD8+ T cells form granules containing perforin and granzyme. When CTL forms a conjugate with the target cell, these granules are exocytosed and mediate apoptosis via caspase pathway. |
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Definition
| Expressed on target cells. |
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Definition
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| FasL binds Fas and Fas signals for caspase pathway to mediate apoptosis of target cell. |
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Definition
| Produced by CTLs. Direct anti-viral effects. Activates macrophages. Increases MHC I expression. Promotes Th1-mediated response. Decreases IgE production. |
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Definition
| Derived from lymphoid progenitor. Develop independent of thymus and RAG1/2. They are large granular lymphocytes involved in the innate immune response. Regulated by activating and inhibitory receptors, as well as innate cytokines. Kill target cells via perforin/granzyme pathway. Can lyse antibody-coated cells via ADCC. |
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Definition
| Have TCRs with invariant (alpha)(beta) chain. Recognized glycolipids presented by nonclassical MHC I molecule CD1d. Do not form memory. Part of innate response. |
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Definition
| Acronym: MENN. Monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells all express receptors for Ig Fc region. Ability to bind Abs gives these cells specificity where they otherwise wouldn't have it. Kills by release of lytic enzymes, release of TNF, and perforin/granzyme. |
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Definition
| Mixed lymphocyte reaction. When allogeneic cells are placed together, within a few days CTLs will form against the alloantigens. |
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Definition
| One of the populations is rendered unable to proliferate. This way, the response of one population can be measured. |
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Term
| Cell-mediated Lympholysis Assay (CML) |
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Definition
| Cr-51 release proportional to lysis (and thus the number of CTLs). |
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Definition
| Ag induces cross-linking of IgE on basophils and mast cells, releasing vasoactive mediators. Can cause systemic anaphylaxis or atopy. |
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Definition
| IgG and IgM mediated. Ab binds cell-bound Ag. Mediates destruction via C' or ADCC. Can cause blood transfusion reactions, erythroblastosis fetalis, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. |
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Term
| Type III Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| IgG and IgM mediated. Ab binds soluble Ag and deposits in tissue leading to C' activation and inflammatory response from massive infiltration of neutrophils. Can cause Arthus reaction, serum sickness, necrotizing vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. |
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Definition
| DTH. Sensitized Th1 cells release cytokines that activate macrophages or Tc that mediate direct cellular damage. Can cause dermatitis, tubercular lesions, and graft rejection. |
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Definition
| High affinity IgE receptor constitutively expressed on mast cells and basophils. |
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Definition
| Low affinity IgE receptor expressed by B cells, alveolar macrophages, and eosinophils. |
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Definition
| Binding to H1 receptors induces smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion. |
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Term
| Leukotrienes & Prostaglandins |
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Definition
| Secondary mediators that act like histamine. |
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Definition
| Shock-like state that can be fatal if untreated. Allergen exposure causes systemic vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction leading to edema and bronchiole constriction. |
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Definition
| Localized hypersensitivity reaction. Includes allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergies, and dermatitis. |
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Definition
| Eosinophilic dermal infiltrate mediated by Th2 cells. |
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Definition
| Quantifies total IgE or total IgE specific for a particular Ag. Used in diagnosis of Type I hypersensitivity. |
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Definition
| Repeated immunization with increasing doses of allergen causes a shift to formation of IgG instead of IgE. This may correspond to a shift towards Th1 subset. |
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Definition
| Immune complexes activate C'. C' induces mast cell degranulation and mediates neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil phagocytic activity leads to tissue damage via lytic enzymes. |
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Definition
| Combination of symptoms in Type III hypersensitivity caused by circulating immune complexes. |
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Definition
| Secreted by Th1 cells in DTH effector phase, activating macrophages. |
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Definition
| Can be created by DTH. A tumor-like nodule or mass that arises because of chronic inflammatory response and contains many activated macrophages, epitheliod cells, Th cells, and multinucleated giant cells formed by the fusion of macrophages. |
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Definition
Can induce all 4 types of hypersensitivity.
Type I: induces anti-Pn IgE
Type II: Pn binds to host RBC, which are lysed by anti-Pn IgG or IgM
Type III: Immune complex forms via anti-Pn IgG, with C' activation
Type IV: anti-Pn Th cells can lead to contact dermatitis |
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Definition
| A non-tolerogenic mechanism by which certain Ags are isolated in tissues, preventing contact with lymphocytes. |
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Definition
| Subset of CD4+ T cells. Express high levels of IL-2(alpha)R (CD25) and Foxp3 transcription factor. Have intermediate affinity for self-Ag. Uses TGF-(beta) and IL-10 to suppress immune response to Ag. |
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Definition
| Transcription factor expressed on T-regulatory cells |
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Definition
| Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis. Induced by immunization with MBP. A model for MS in humans. |
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Definition
| Hookworms and whipworms have been explored in autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and multiple sclerosis, as well as for allergic diseases. |
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Definition
| Involved in suppressive mechanism of T-reg cells. |
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Definition
| Involved in suppressive mechanism of T-reg cells. |
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| Immunosurveillance Theory |
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Definition
| The immune system is able to recognize and eliminate malignant cells. Cancer develops when the malignant cell is able to circumvent this immune response. |
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Definition
| Performed during an active infection (or existing cancer), intended to cure the infection (or cancer). Adoptive immunotherapy is the transfer of immune cells to achieve a therapeutic effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphokine Activated Killer cells are WBCs that are stimulated to attack tumors. If they are cultured with IL-2 it will lead to cytotoxic effector cells. |
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Definition
| Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes. Take the tumor tissue and dissociate. Cultured with IL-2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rejection occurs within minutes and is caused by preformed Abs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rejection occurs within days or weeks of transplant and is caused by cellular immune responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rejection occurs over months or years and is caused by proliferation of cells such as fibroblasts and increased production of collagen deposition. |
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Definition
| A retrovirus that activates Th1 cells to release IFN-(gamma) and TNF-(alpha), which suppresses Th2 lymphocytes, leaving host vulnerable to infection that requires Th2. |
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Definition
| A retrovirus that is the first oncovirus to have been described. It causes sarcoma in chickens. |
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Definition
| Spreads by sexual contact, infected blood, and from mother to infant. Infects T cells with coreceptor CXCR4. Infects macrophages with CCR5. |
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Definition
| tat and rev are essential for replication. |
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Definition
| vif, vpr, vpu, and nef are dispensable for growth under some circumstances. |
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Definition
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Definition
| T-tropic coreceptor. Can induce syncytia. |
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Definition
| Glycoprotein expressed on envelope of HIV. Plays vital role in HIV's entry into CD4+ T cells. |
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Definition
| Cytokines like IL-2, IFN-(gamma), and TNF-(alpha) promote an antiviral state. |
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Definition
| Binds receptor and inhibits protein synthesis and thus inhibits viral replication. |
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Definition
| Generates variants within subtypes, leading to regular seasonal epidemics. |
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Definition
| Infection with two subtypes may create new subtype and lead to pandemic. |
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Definition
| Performed before (or in some cases shortly after) exposure to an infectious agent (or cancer) intended to prevent the infection or disease. |
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Definition
| Microorganisms attenuated so they lose pathogenicity, but retain their capacity for transient growth. Needs refrigeration. Elicits humoral and cell mediated responses. |
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Term
| Whole Inactivated Vaccine |
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Definition
| Pathogen is killed and then injected. May require adjuvant and/or boosters. Elicits mainly humoral response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inactivated exotoxin is injected to elicit anti-toxin Abs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conjugating Ag to immunogenic carrier helps immunization activate Th cells, and thus class switching, affinity maturation, etc. |
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Term
| Multivalent Subunit Vaccine |
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Definition
| Synthetic peptides with immunodominant B cell and T cell epitopes. Elicits humoral and cellular response. Examples: solid-matrix-Ab-Ag complex, detergent-extracted membrane antigens or antigenic peptides, ISCOM delivery of Ag into cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasmid DNA encoding antigenic proteins are injected directly into the muscle of the recipient. Protein is expressed, leading to humoral and cellular response. |
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Term
| Recombinant Vector Vaccine |
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Definition
| Genes encoding major Ags can be introduced to attenuated viruses or bacteria. Gene product is then expressed when the virus or bacteria is introduced into subject. Maximizes cell-mediated immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protection is conferred to those who choose not to be vaccinated or cannot be vaccinated if those around them are vaccinated. |
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