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BIOL Exam 2
Digestion, Mollusca, Homeo, Immunity
28
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/28/2012

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Term
Describe Metazoan digestion:

Receiving
Definition
1. mouth parts, salivary glands
2. ingestion, chewing, swallowing
3. salivary gland secretions
-lubricate via mucous
-initial hydrolysis via amylase
-avoid choking via epiglottis
Term
Describe Metazoan digestion:

Conduction
Definition
-transport to esophagus
-transport to stomach
-crop: used for storage in inverts and birds
Term
Describe Metazoan digestion:

Grinding and early digestion
Definition
1. gizzard
-muscular subdivision
-birds and annelids, insects (proventriculus)
-stones and grit are swallowed, or hard lining
2. stomach
-cellulase; not produced
-gastric juice
pepsin: splits proteins
HCl: kills bacteria and activates pepsin
Term
Describe Metazoan digestion:

Terminal digestion and absorption
Definition
1. pancreatic juice (duodenum)
-bicarbonate
-trypsin
-lipase
-amylase
-nuclease
2. bile
-bicarbonate
-bile salts: break up fat, increase surface area
3. membrane enzymes (small intestine lining)
-aminiopeptidase: amino acids
-sucrase: fructose and glucose
-lactase
-alkaline phosphate
4. absorption
-villi and microvilli
-small intestine folding increase SA
-passive (diffusion) and active transport
Term
Describe the regulation of food intake

1. Hyopthalmus
2. Brown fat
Definition
1. hunger center
-monitors blood glucose (calories vs bulk)
2. nonshivering thermogenesis dissipates excess energy
3. stomach and duodenum stretch
Term
Describe the following nutritional requirements:

1. Carbs
2. Amino acids
3. Lipids
4. Minerals
5. Vitamins
6. Water
Definition
1. energy and building block
2. mostly building block
-8-10 cannot be synthesized (essential)
3. energy and building block
4. anions and cations; building and physiology
5. simple organic molecules
6. solvent
Term
Describe general characteristics of Mollusca

1. Body cavity
2. Foot
3. Mantle
4. Radula
5. Circulatory
6. Respiration
7. Level of organization
8. Digestions
Definition
1. Eucoelomate
2. locotion
3. pair of thin body folds
4. rasping mouthpart
5. open (closed in ceph)
6. cutaneous, gills, or vascular mantle
7. organ system
8. extracellular
Term
Describe the mantle
Definition
1. secretes shell in 3 layers
2. thin fleshy sheath hanging down either side of body
3. protects
4. mantle cavity encloses gills
-food brought to gills
-wastes excreted
-gametes released
Term
Describe open circulation in Mollusca
Definition
1. blood oxygenated in gills and mantle
2. goes to paired auricles of heart then to muscular ventricle
3. tissues in coelom bathed with blood
4. blood collected and boosted by accessory hearts in front of each gill
Term
Describe reproduction in Mollusca
Definition
-trochophore and veliger: simple and complex free swimming larvae
ex. oysters
-juvenile bypasses both larval stages
ex. cephalopods
Term
Describe Class Polyplacophora
Definition
Chitons
-dorsoventrally flattened,
-8 overlapping plates and foot beneath
-clings to rocks and scrapes algae
Term
Describe Class Gastropoda
Definition
snails, slugs, limpets, conchs, abalone
-most diverse and only with terrestrial forms
-coiled in univalve shell or no shell
-torsion: body twisted in embryonic development
-feeding: herbs, suspension, scavengers, carnivores
-respiration:
1. gills- conchs and whelks
2. vascular mantle (lung)- snails, slugs
Term
Describe Class Bivalvia
Definition
clams, mussels, scallops, oysters
-two laterally compressed shells
-no head or radula
-respiration: cilia create current>incurrent>gills>out
-feeding: food trapped by mucous covered gills>cilia to labial palps>mouth
-glochidium: specialized veliger larvae, parasite on fish
Term
Describe Class Cephalopodia
Definition
squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus
-most no shell; chitin strip
-foot modified as arms/tentacles
-jet propelled
-highly predatory; advanced eyes, brain, arms, beak
-social communication; chromatophores change color
-reproduction: male places spermatophore in female
Term
Describe Osmotic regulation in Terrestrial animals
Definition
1. Lose water in respiration, evaporation, excretion
2. ions and H2O ingested; H2O via metabolism
3. protein turns into ammonia
-fish excrete ammonia via gills (most toxic)
-mammals excrete urea via urine (toxic)
-birds, reptiles excrete pasty insoluble uric acid (not toxic)
Term
Describe excretion of wastes in invertebrates
Definition
nephridium
1. protonephridium-flame cell
ex. flatworm
2. metanephridium- more advanced
ex. molluscs
3. antennal gland
ex. crustaceans
4. Malphigian tubules
ex. insects
Term
Describe the Mammalian Kidney

Structure
Definition
1. cortex: outer
-hypotonic/fresh water
2. Medula: inner
-hypertonic/salty

-Blood enters via renal artery and vein
-urine>ureter>urinary bladder>urethra
-Nephron: functional unit
Term
Describe the Mammalian Kidney

Function
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
Definition
1. blood plasma filters out of glomerulus, collected in Bowman's capsule
-filtrates: water, inorganic ions, urea
-leaves behind rbc, plasma, proteins
2. proximal convoluted tubule
-active transport of glucose, amino acids, vitamins, inorganic ions back into blood
-passive osmosis of H2O
Term
Describe the Mammalian Kidney

Function
3. Water excretion
4. Tubular secretion
Definition
3. Loop of Henle, collecting duct
*medulla is higher in solute than blood
-ascending loop of Henle is H2O impermeable; descending is permeable
-H2O osmoses out of loop of Henle in descent and cannot re-enter in ascent
-H2O osmoses out of collecting duct in descent

4. Distal convoluted tubule
-inorganic ions (H,K) are secreted actively or passively into urine
-drugs/foreign materials secreted also
Term
Describe regulation by kidney

1. Blood concentration
2. Blood pressure
Definition
1. brain monitors osmotic concentration
-if dehydrated, ADH released by pituitary gland
-permeability of collecting duct increase, and more H2O moves into blood (secrete aldosterone=thirst)
-if hydrated, ADH not released, and less H2O removed from urine

2. monitored by kidney
-if low or Na is low, kidney signals adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone
-triggers thirst, diluting blood (greater pressure)
-signals release of ADH (water conserved)
-signals distal convoluted tubule to release more NA into blood from urine
Term
Describe the following characteristics of the Non-specific defense system (Innate)

1. Skin
2. Mucous
3. Fever
Definition
1. physical barrier
-chemical barrier: pH=3-5

2. stomach: pH=2-3
-saliva lysozymes
-sticky digestive and respiratory linings

3. chemical resetting of body thermostat higher (pyrogen)
a. intensifies effects of antimicrobial proteins
b. inhibits growth of microbes
c. speeds chemical reactions responding to infection
Term
Describe the following characteristics of the Non-specific defense system (Innate)

1. Inflammation
2. Phagocytosis
3. Natural Killer cells
Definition
1. local redness, pain, swelling
a. injured tissue and leucocytes release chemicals
-vasodilation
-capillary permeability increased
-phagocytes are attracted to eat dead cells
b. increased fluids=swelling
-stiffness hinders joins
-pressure to nerves causes pain

2. some leucocytes eat eat invaders
-wandering macrophages circulate in blood to areas of infection to eat intruders
-fixed macrophages stationed in lymph system eat specific cell (old RBCs in spleen)

3. NK
-non phagocytotic lymphocyte in lymph system
-chemicals lyse abnormal cells
Term
Describe Antibody-mediated immunity

1. Components
2. Process
Definition
1. Antigen (ag)- triggers immune response
Antibody (ab)- proteins produced in response to ag
B lymphocyte (B cell)-primary WBC

2. Antibody-Mediated Immune Reaction
a. B cell complexes with ag and is activated
b. B cell clones itself
c. B cells mature into plasma cells
-each makes millions of ab molecules
d. ab travels to lymph and blood to site of infection, bind to antigen
-slows/inactivates (agglutination)
e. some B cell clones mature in 1000s of memory B cells able to respond to future attack
Term
Describe Cell Mediated Immune Reaction
Definition
1. APC encounters antigen
-APC ingests ag, presents it on surface and travels to lymph
2. T cell binds to ag and is activated
-T cell clones
-leave lymph and travel to site of infection, bind to ag
-puncture cell, kill DNA, signals phagocytes
3. T cell mature into 1000s of memory T cells
Term
Describe AIDS
Definition
HIV attack T cells of cell mediated immunity and the T cells that activate B cells of antibody-mediated immunity
Term
Describe Blood group antigens
Definition
-RBCs have antigen on surface, similar to MHC
-Antibodies present in the blood for all foreign RBC ag
-Ab interaction with foreign ag caused dangerous clotting
-blood types named for ag present
Term
Describe Rh factor
Definition
-another separate ab-ag of the blood
-ag is either present or not
-ab is not normally present in Rh- individual unless they are are exposed to Rh+ blood
Term
Describe blood incompatibilities with mother/fetus

1. Blood type
2. Rh factor
Definition
1. does not affect fetus because it cannot cross placenta
2. is a problem because Rh can cross placenta
-Rh- gives birth to Rh+ baby
-baby's ag can infect mother
-mother produces Rh antibody
-at next birth, the antibody can cross placenta and lyse fetus RBCs
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