The subdivisions of the PNS are the

1.

2.

3.

1. somatic
2. autonomic
3. enteric

1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic

True or False

At a chemical synapse between 2 neurons, the neuron receiving the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron sending the signal is called the postsynaptic neuron

Neurons in the PNS are always capable of repair while those in the CNS are not

True or False.

Sensory (afferent) neurons carry sensory information from where to where?

From: Cranial & Spinal nerves

To: Brain & Spinal Cord (CNS)

or

From: Lower level in the CNS

To: Higher level in the CNS

From: Brain

To: Spinal Cord

or

From: Out of the CNS

To: Cranial & Spinal Nerves

1. Neurons (Nerve Cells)
2. Neuroglia (Glial Cells)

1. cell body
2. terminal

1. Support
2. Nurture
3. Protect

NEURONS & MAINTAIN THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID

What are the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS?

1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal

1. Schwann cells
2. Satellite cells

1. oligodendrocytes in the CNS
2. schwann cells in the PNS

• Graded Potentials
• Action Potentials

During the 1st part of the refractory period, another impulse cannot be generated at all.

What is this period called?

What is saltatory conduction? Is it faster than continuous conductioN?

Saltatory is when nerve impulse leaps from one node of Ranvier to the next along a myelinated axon.

It is faster than continuous conduction

from: -70 mV

to: +30 mV 

from: +30 mV

back to: -70 mV 

The electrical signals produced by neurons and muscle fibers rely on 4 kinds of ion channels:

1.

2.

3.

4. 

1. Leakage channels
2. Voltage-gated channels
3. Ligand-gated channels
4. Mechanical channels

Action potential arises from _______ (structure of a neuron)

Graded potential arises from _______ (structure of a neuron)

1. trigger zones and propagate along the axon
2. dendrites & cell body

Action potential: voltaged gated channels

Graded potential: Ligand-gated or mechannically gated ion channels 

What is the difference, in term of amplitude, between action potential & graded potential?

Action: amplitude is constant (all-or-none principle)

Graded: amplitude depends upon strength of stimulus 

True or False.

Axon with larger diameters conduct impulses at a slower speeds than do axon with smaller diameter 

How do we differentiate a light touch from a firmer touch?

Hint: encoding stimulus intensity 

The frequency of impulses & the number of sensory neurons activated

Firm pressure generates impulses at higher frequency stimulates more neurons than does a light touch 

True or False.

A chemical synapse produces two ways information transfer

BONUS: from where to where? 

False. ONE WAY ONLY

BONUS: from presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron 

Action potential reaches end bulb and voltaged gated Ca+ 2 channels open.

The Ca+ 2 flows inward triggering release of neurotransmitter 

Excitatory Potentials (EPSP) is a result from the opening of ligand-gated _____ channels

while

Inhibitory Potentials (IPSP) is a result from the opening of ligand-gated ___ or ___ channels

1. Na+
2. Cl- or K-

EPSP causes postsynaptic cell to become ______ while

IPSP causes postsynaptic cell to become _______ 

BONUS: which one would move the membrane potential further from threshold? 

1. depolarized
2. hyperpolarized

What are the 3 ways to remove neutrotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?

1. Diffusion
2. Uptakeby neurons or glia cells
3. Enzymatic degradation

What are the 3 possible responses from temporal summation?

1.

2.

3. 

1. small EPSP occurs
2. IPSP occurs
3. membrane potential of at least -55 mV

How does strychnine poisoning work to kill someone?

note: inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord are called Renshaw. 

Renshaw cells release the neurotransmitter glycine at inhibitory synapses with somatic motor neurons 

• inhibitory neurons are blocked because strychnine binds to and block the glycine receptors in the spinal cord
• when diaphragm contracts & remain contracted, breathing cannot occur

How can you modified neurotransmitter effect?

1.

2.

3.

4. 

1. SYNTHESIS can be inhibited or stimulated
2. REMOVAL can be stimulated or blocked
3. RELEASE can be blocked or enhanced
4. RECEPTORS can be blocked or activated

Anything that enhances a transmitter effects are called _________

Anything that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter is called _______

hint: characters in a story 

1. agonist
2. antagonist

What are the names of the small molecule transmitters listed in the book?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. 

6. 

1. Acetylcholine (ACh)
2. Amino Acids
3. ATP & other purines
4. Biogenic Amines
5. Gases (Nitric oxide)
6. Neuropeptides

Biogenic Amines are modified amino acids. Some biogenic amines are:

1.

2.

3. 

1. norepinephrine
2. dopamine
3. serotonin

What are some neuro transmitters that are only released in CNS; blocks the effect of substance P

1.

2.

3.

bonus: what is the function of substance P 

1. enkephalins
2. endorphins
3. dynorphins

1. breathing
2. short-term memory
3. waking up

1. simple series
2. divergin
3. convergin
4. reverberating
5. parallel after discharge

B/c PNS has neurolemma.

CNS is inhibited by neuglial cells that hog all nutrients. Also, CNS has no growth factor, neurolemmas, and rapid formation of scar tissue

Wallerian degeneration is the breakdown of axon & myelin sheath distal to injury.

True or False? 

• brain damage at birth
• metabolic disturbances
• infections
• toxins
• vascular disturbances
• head injuries
• tumors