Term
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Definition
| Science of structure of the body and its relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical and chemical processes involved in the functioning of the human body |
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Term
| 3. Define Metabolism and its two categories |
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Definition
| 3. Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occurs in living cells to maintain life. Catabolism is cellular respiration and anabolism is the construction of proteins. |
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Term
| 4. List the levels of structural organization in increasing order |
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Definition
| chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,organism |
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Term
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Definition
| The maintenance of a stable equilibrium in a biological system that opposes external/internal disturbance |
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Term
| 6. Define the two feedback mechanisms and give examples of each |
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Definition
| Negative feedback reduces or suppresses a change (like blood glucose levels/ a thermometer); Positive feedback promotes instability (like labor/childbirth). They are not opposite. |
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Term
| 7. List the four major components of a negative feedback mechanism |
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Definition
| stimulus, sensor, integrator, and effector |
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Term
| 8. Principle of Complementarity of structure and function |
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Definition
| The structure of an organ determines its function |
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Term
| 9. Examples of ectoparasites |
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Definition
| Mites, lice, and fleas. They live on and not in the body. |
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Term
| 10. Vectors of infectious disease |
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Definition
| Ticks, mosquitoes, biting flies - not confined parasites such as roundworms |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of new cases of an infectious disease that occur within a defined population |
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Term
| 12. Define Normal Micro Flora |
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Definition
| The bacteria that inhabit the external and internal exposed surfaces of the human body that are normal and harmless |
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Term
| 13. Define Opportunistic Pathogens |
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Definition
| Microorganisms that are capable of producing an infectious disease when the health and immunity of the host has been severely weakened by illness, famine, or medical therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular organisms without a nucleus (i.e. bacteria) |
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Term
| 15. Gram Staining is used on |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 16. Fungi that reproduce by budding. |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. Common symptoms of infectious disease. |
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Definition
| Fever, myalgia (muscular pain), headache, lethargy, and fatigue |
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Term
| 18. Define Prodromal Stage. |
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Definition
| when early symptoms first appear |
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Term
| 19. Define Nosocomial Infections. |
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Definition
| Nosocomial Infections are infections acquired during hospitalization and are secondary to original condition (i.e. staff) |
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Term
| 20. Examples of Diseases caused by exotoxins. |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. Function of Penicillin. |
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Definition
| Inhibits synthesis of bacteria cell wall |
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Term
| 22. Define Broad Spectrum Antibiotics. |
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Definition
| Broad Spectrum Antibiotics are antibiotics that are active against a wide variety of gram-positive and gram- negative bacteria. |
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Term
| 23. Describe make up of the Immune System. |
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Definition
| The red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, T and B lymphocytes, and the spleen |
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Term
| 24. Define Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules. |
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Definition
| self-components that the immune system uses to determine self vs. non-self |
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Term
| 25. Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) location. |
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Definition
| All nucleated cells in the body (mature red blood cells have no nucleus) |
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Term
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Definition
| "Big Eaters" They engulf and digest foreign particles (an early immune response) |
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Term
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Definition
| Intercellular protein that regulates movement, proliferation, and differiniation of immune and other cells. |
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Term
| 28. Immunoglobulins are produced by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 29. Specific immune mechanisms include |
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Definition
| protection afforded by cell-mediated immunity |
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Term
| 30. The most abundant Immunoglobulin |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. Immunoglobulins that are involved in allergic and hypersensitivity responses |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. "Master Switch" cell in immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| 33. Differentiation of T lymphocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| 34. Lymphocyte involved in humoral immunity through the production of antibodies. |
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Definition
| B lymphocytes (humoral) (Not T) |
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Term
| 35. Define Clusters of Differentiation (CD). |
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Definition
| Surface proteins that act as markers for various T and B cells |
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Term
| 36. Function of Lymph Nodes |
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Definition
| Removal of foreign material from lymph channels before proliferation, centers of proliferation and response of immune cells |
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Term
| 37. Examples of Active Immunity |
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Definition
| exposure to a pathogenic agent |
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Term
| 38. Examples of non-specific defenses |
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Definition
| (antigen tagging is not) tears, skin, stomach, saliva, inflammation, fever, phagocytes, and mucus membranes. |
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Term
| 39. Presence of local heat during the inflammatory response is due to |
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Definition
| Increased local blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Attraction of leukocytes to an injurious agent |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Blood, sexual contact, maternal-placental circulation, and breast milk |
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Term
| 43. HlV virus directly infects |
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Definition
| CD4+ lymphocytes - the "master switch" cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| The white blood cell that has the greatest rate of increase during a bacterial infection |
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Term
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Definition
| They capture and process antigens and present them to lymphocytes |
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Term
| 46. Describe the acute phase response during an inflammation |
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Definition
| Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fever, skeletal muscle catabolism increase (not leukopenia) |
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Term
| 47. Inflammatory Mediators that contribute to swelling, redness, heat, and pain |
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Definition
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Term
| 48. A positive antibody test in an infant indicates |
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Definition
| a prenatally exposed infant with maternal antibodies |
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Term
| 49. Define Opportunistic infections |
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Definition
| Opportunistic Infections involve common organisms that normally do not produce infection unless there is impaired immune function. |
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Term
| 50. Symptoms of the acute primary infection and primary phase of HIV |
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Definition
| mono-nucleosis-like symptoms w/ sore throat, nausea, lethargy. fever, myalgia, photophobia, and lymphadenopathy |
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Term
| 51. Symptoms at the point in which immune system is compromised by HIV |
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Definition
| Malignancies, opportunistic infections, and dormant infections surface |
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Term
| 52. Describe the "window phase" of HIV infection |
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Definition
| The time after infection and before detectable antibody levels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 54. Most common respiratory opportunistic disease in persons who die with AIDS |
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Definition
| pneumocytis carinii (pneumonia) |
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Term
| 55. Ways HIV is [not] transmitted |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 56. Infections agents of HIV |
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Definition
| blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk |
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Term
| 57. How does HIV infect a cell |
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Definition
| It attaches a surface protein on the viral surface to special receptors on the CD4+T helper cell |
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Term
| 58. Most accurate and inexpensive method to Test for HIV |
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Definition
| Screening with an immunoassory (EIA or ELISA), followed by a western blot if assay is positive |
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Term
| 59. Describe AIDS dementia complex |
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Definition
| memory loss, difficulty concentrating, euphoria, and lethargy |
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Term
| 60. Polymerase Chain Reaction is used to detect |
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Definition
| The presence of viral DNA |
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