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Definition
Red Blood Cells
no nucleus
transport O2 and CO2 |
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white blood cells
immune cells |
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| 55% of bloods total volume, 90% water, 7% protiens, 3% (fibrinogen, glucose & ions) |
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| protiens "suspended" in blood, carry non H2O soluble "stuff" |
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| 60% of protien in blood, low specificity, high capacity, binds anything! major player in BOP |
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| 35% of protien in blood, specific transport protiens, high specificity, low capacity, carries lipids hormones and metals |
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| inside rbc binds O2 and CO2 made of 4 protien subunits and 4 heme groups, 300 million/RBC |
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| cross thingy with single iron molecule in the middle that binds O2 and CO2, 4 in each Hb molecule, pigment +O2-bright red -O2 blue/purple |
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| most O2 97-98% is carried bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin, responsible for "carrying capacity" |
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Definition
| 30-35 % of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin, most CO2 in blood travels as HCO3 |
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| enzyme which speeds up the binding of H2O and CO2 to make H2CO3 |
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| most CO2 in blood travels as this, happens when H+ comes off of H2CO3, moves out of capillaries through antiport transport |
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Definition
| exchange of Cl- and HCO3 across capillary membranes |
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Definition
| in systemic capillaries HCO3 pumps out and Cl- pumps in, in pulmonary capillaries HCO3 pumps in and Cl- pumps out |
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Term
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Definition
| stem cell in bone marrow which will undergo mitosis to become another hemocytoblast and a commited cell which will become a proerythrocyte, a megakaryocyte or a lymphoblast, parent cell for ALL blood cells |
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Definition
| first step of commited cell from mitosis of hemocytoblast, undergoes erythropoiesis to become a reticulocyte |
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| the process of forming a reticulocyte from a proerythroblast, hemoglobin synthesis occurs during erythropoiesis |
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Definition
| blood cell released from bone marrow into blood stream, stays at this stage for 24 hours, % of total RBC's is about .8% |
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Definition
| transports iron from macrophages where old RBC's are digested back to bone marrow to make new RBC's and also to the liver, then bile, then GI tract then disposal |
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| heme group that is stripped of iron in the macrophage and becomes green pigment |
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Definition
| converted from biliverdin, yellow pigment, binds to albumin to be transported to the liver and gets dumped into bile and into the GI tract where it becomes urobilins and stercobilins |
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| converted from bilirubin by bacteria, some re-absorbed into blood stream, some excreted as urine, yellow |
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Definition
| converted from bilirubin by bacteria, excreted in feces, brown |
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| chemical made in the kidney that will stimulate erythropoiesis when it detects a decreased carrying capacity |
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| decreased erythrocytes, both high and low reticulocyte % can indicate anemia, high results from low RBC which stimulates erythropoiesis, low results from low iron and low b12 unable to make Hb |
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Definition
| low O2 initally results in low oxy-Hb which stimulates kidneys to produce erythropoietin which will stimulate reticulocyte production in bone marrow resulting in a higher RBC |
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Definition
| kills every cell undergoing mitosis, interferes with erythropoiesis |
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| when a mother with Rh- has made antibodies to Rh+ blood and the antibodies attack the new fetus with Rh+ blood |
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| anti Rh antibodies injected into the mother so that she will not produce her own |
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| results from commited cell from hemocytoblast undergoing thrombopoiesis, 180um, VERY BIG, will pinch of little pieces of its self to make platelets |
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| tiny cell fragments, 6-8um, 6-10 day lifespan, have sticky glycoprotien collegen fibers coming off of them that will "activate" platelets |
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| release Ca++, phospolipids and stimulate smooth muscle contraction |
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| will bind to activated platelets to stimulate the activation of other platelets |
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| localized smooth muscle contraction at vessel injury site, lasts about 30 min |
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| clump of platelets that stop a vessel from bleeding out |
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| plasminogen becomes plasmin when exposed to Active XII and Thrombin |
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| fibers that will make mesh work in vessel to stop bleeding |
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| loose clot in vessel, arterial is not threatening and will probably break up as blood vessels become smaller, venous can cause problems in lungs and brain or cause stroke |
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Definition
| lymph organs in the throat area, exposed to everything that goes into the mouth and nose, food, drink, air |
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| lymph organ found in GI tract |
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| lymph organ, major filtering organ |
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Definition
| lymph organ superior and ventral to the heart, largest in proportion to body size as an infant |
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| evvery bit of fluid will pass through each lymph node so immune cells are located in lymph nodes |
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| non specific immune system |
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Definition
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| attacks specific pathogens |
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| flushing system, urithera, vagina, anal canal |
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| lysozyme- will attack and kill any bacteria found in saliva sweat and tears, H+ acid- stomach, vagina |
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| compete against pathogenic bacteria |
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| wbc, will move toward infection and tissue damage due to chemical signals, chemotaxis |
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| located in tissue, will move toward infection via chemotaxis, will phagocytize anything and hold on to things it can not break down |
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| will move toward a chemical |
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| neutrophil binds to capillary and crawls out into interstitial fluid |
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| released by macrophage to cause chemotaxis of neutrophils and macrophages |
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| chemical that turns off the set point for thermoregulation, causes rise in temperature which speeds up all chemical reactions and immune system, causes fever |
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| NK cell, lymphocytes, travel all over the body all the time, attack all non-self antigens by binding to them and using perforin to pierce holes in the cytoplasm and lyse the cell |
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Definition
| released by golgi app. of nk cell to damage cells with non-self antigens |
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| secreted by virally infected cells, will bind to other cells which will make anti-viral protiens |
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Definition
| increase macrophage activity |
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| protien that can be activated to make active compliment |
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Definition
| when active compliment comes together in a flower pattern and punch a hole in the cells wall and lyses cell |
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Definition
| active compliment surrounds a cell and attracts phagocytes like ketchup! will make the phagocytes eat them |
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| ruptured phagocytes that have eaten too much bacteria |
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| cell in loose conn tissue which when disturbed will degranulate and cause inflammatory response |
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| granule in mast cell that when released will cause dialation of local arterioles (redness and heat) increased perm of cap (plasma prot leave blood, lowers BOP raises IFOP localized edema, protiens bind to nociceptors and cause pain |
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Definition
| granule in mast cell that when released prevents localized clotting |
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| released when mast cell degranulates, attract neutorphils and macrophages, activates compliment increases inflamm, increases fibroblast activity, helps break down and rebuild conn tissue, too much can cause scar tissue |
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Definition
| (5% wbc) granulocyte that will stain with eosin, phagocyte, secretes toxic compounds, attacks large multicellular parasites, produces antihistamines which limit allergic reactions |
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Definition
| (1% wbc) granulocyte that will stain with basic, granules contain histamine and heparine, will increase local inflammation |
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| (60% wbc) granulocyte that will stain with neutral, polymorphonuclearleukocyte, phagocyte will eat bacteria |
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| (8% wbc) agranulocyte that only stays in blood cell for 24 hours before becoming a macrophage, large |
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| (25-30% wbc) agranulocyte, nk cells, b-cells and t-cells |
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Definition
| protien marker on surface of cell |
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Definition
| batman! throws antibodies, humeral immune response, antibody mediated immune response |
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| t-rex! attacks directly, cell mediated immune response |
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Definition
| commited cell of a hemocytoblast which will become a lymphocyte |
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| the shutting down of every "self responder" cell |
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| macrophages will digest a pathogen and present its antigen along with MHC-2 on the surface |
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Definition
| found on t-4 cells, will bind to antigen presenting macrophage (which will release interleukin I) and release interleukin II |
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Definition
| major histocompatability complex, "self marker" |
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Definition
| area of an antibody that will bind to a specific antigen |
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| circulating antibodies that cross the placenta during gestation |
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| exocrine antibodies excreted in saliva and breast milk |
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Definition
| binds to mast cells and will produce an allergic response when it comes in contact with the antigen |
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| primary antibodies, blood type antibodies |
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| enough memory b-cells to kill a pathogen before symptoms occur |
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| when T-8 cells come into contact with a cell that presents both MHC-1 and antigen like viraly infected cells and cancer cells (2x exposure + IL-2) will undergo clonal expansion and make memory t8 cells |
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Definition
| secreted by cytotoxic t-cells, chops up dna |
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Definition
| will bind to target and release perforin and lymphotoxin |
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Definition
| exposed to organism naturally and built an immune defense |
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Definition
| artificial exposure to antigen and built an immune defense |
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Definition
| being delivered antibodies like from mother to fetus or in breast milk, brief |
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| inject antibodies to help take care of infection, does not produce lasting immunity (rhogam) |
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