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Early study of inheritance worked under
two assumptions about how inheritance
works: Hereditary determinants can blend in offspring (incorrect assumption) it is the incorrect assumption because.... |
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Definition
| it would lead to no genetic diversity. |
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• Each parent contributes equally to
offspring in reciprocal crosses - |
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| mendel could control _________ with garden peas |
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A characteristic of an
individual. (e.g., purple flowers or white
flowers) |
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Term
A ________ is passed from parent to
offspring |
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Definition
| the observed trait is the only one present for many generations. true breeding = homozygous individual |
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Definition
parental
familial
next offspring down the line |
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| pollen contains the _____ in plants |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Each plant has two particles for each
trait, one from each parent |
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Term
Mendel also concluded that each gamete
contains only one particle (or unit), but
the zygote contains two |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| different forms of a gene |
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Term
A gene is a sequence in a DNA molecule
that resides at a particular site on a
chromosome— which is the ______ |
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Term
Different alleles of a gene separate
during- |
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Definition
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Term
| (mendels first law) The Law of Segregation: |
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Definition
each individual
carries two alleles, which separate equally
when an individual makes gametes |
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Term
Determine whether an individual is
homozygous or heterozygous for a
trait by crossing it with the
______________ |
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Definition
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Term
Mendel’s second law
The Law of Independent Assortment: |
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Definition
Alleles of different genes assort
independently during gamete formation
Doesn’t always apply to genes on the
same chromosome; but chromosomes
do segregate independently. |
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Term
| Always assume the genes are not linked... |
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Definition
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Term
• If an event is certain to happen,
probability = |
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Definition
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Term
• If an event cannot possibly happen,
probability = |
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Term
• All other events have a probability
between |
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Term
Probability of two independent events
happening together: |
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Definition
| multiply the probabilities of the individual events |
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Term
Tossing two coins—probability that both
will come up heads: |
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Definition
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Definition
| probability of one times probability of the other |
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Term
| The addition rule (from holden, prob not the correct explanation based on other things mentioned in powerpoint): |
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Definition
| probability of A or B is equal to the probability of A plus the probability of B minus the probability of A and B (the probability of A and B multiplied) |
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Term
| (The addition rule:) The probability of an event that can occur in two different ways is the sum of the individual probabilities: In F2, there are two ways to get a heterozygote; thus ¼ + ¼ = |
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Term
| pertaining to problems like the one above, the addition rule is to be applied when using the word ___ and the multiplication rule is to be applied when using the word ___ |
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allele present in most of the
population. |
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phenotypic expression of one
gene is influenced by another gene. |
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Definition
-Used by geneticists to study alleles in
humans
-Can determine whether a rare allele
is dominant or recessive. |
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Definition
| proportion of individuals with a certain genotype that show the phenotype. |
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| the degree to which the genotype is expressed in an individual can vary. both have the trait for being tall, but one person is way taller than the other. |
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Term
| random fertilization results in an expected ratio of... |
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Definition
| 1/2 XX (female) + 1/2 XY (male) |
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Term
| what happens when your XXY |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Secondary sex determination results in
outward characteristics of each sex— |
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Definition
not determined directly by presence or
absence of Y chromosome. your hormones still play a role in whether or not you become a female/male. this means it is possible for you to be a male with XX and a female with XY (due to incorrect hormone levels.) |
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Term
| a male with an x-linked recessive trait will have |
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Definition
| will have heterozygous carrier daughter and normal sons |
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Term
| X-linked recessive phenotypes appear much more often in |
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Definition
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Term
: Genes are on chromosomes; genetic observations
correlated with chromosome movements during meiosis |
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Definition
Genes are on chromosomes; genetic observations
correlated with chromosome movements during meiosis |
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