Term
| What is the fundamental unit of life? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are all living things made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do cells have in common? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells are compose of ___. |
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Definition
| The same sorts of molecules that participate in the same types of chemical reactions. |
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Term
| The genetic instructions or genes of cells are stored in ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| What will you learn by studying cell and molecular biology? |
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Definition
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
All cells have similar chemistry.
Mechanistic understanding of cellular function and dysfunction. |
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Term
| What discovery did Robert Hooke make? |
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Definition
| He described minute chambers in a piece of cork cells, though they were actually cell walls that remained after the living plant inside the cork had died. |
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Term
| What observation did Anton van Leeuwenhoek make? |
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Definition
| He observed living cells from algae Spirogyra. |
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Term
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Definition
| small, membrane-enclosed units filled with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals and endowed with the extraordinary ability to create copies of themselves by growing and dividing by two |
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Term
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Definition
| Hairlike extensions whose sinuous beating sweeps the cell forward, rotating as it goes |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymer chains are made from the same set of four monomers nucleotides, strung together in different sequences |
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Term
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Definition
DNA --> RNA (mRNA) --> Protein
Replication --> transcription --> translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Built from amino acids and every living thing uses the same set of 20 amino acids to make its proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| protein's 3D shape caused by amino acids linked in different sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which living species become gradually modified and adapted to their environment in more and more sophisticated ways |
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Term
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Definition
| The entire library of genetic information in a cell's DNA and provides a genetic program that instructs the cell how to function and, for plant and animal cells, how to grow into an organism with hundreds of cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| Use visible light to illuminate specimens |
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Term
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Definition
| Use beams of electrons instead of beams of light as the source of illumination, greatly extending our ability to see the fine details of cells and even making some of the larger molecules visible individually |
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Term
| Which two tenets of the cell theory did Schleiden and Schwann propose? |
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Definition
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the structural unit of life. |
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Term
| Which tenet of the cell theory did Virchow propose? |
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Definition
| Cells can only arise by division from a preexisting cell. |
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Term
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Definition
Strong support for germ theory and against spontaneous generation.
Living organisms do not arise spontaneously but can be generated only from existing organisms. |
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Term
| In 1880, Edward Strasburger did what to explain DNA replication? |
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Definition
| He drew a living plant cell (a hair cell from a Trade scantia flower), which he observed dividing into two daughter cells over a period of 2.5 hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| around the nucleus and filling the cell's interior; a transparent substance crammed with what seems at first to be a jumble of miscellaneous objects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| membranes surrounding organelles |
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Term
| transmission electron microscope |
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Definition
| type of electron microscope used to look at thin sections of tissue |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
| scatters electrons off the surface of the sample and so is used to look at the surface detail of cells and other structures |
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Term
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Definition
| have the simplest structure and come closest to showing us life stripped down to its essentials |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms whose cells have a nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles that generate energy for the eucaryotic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| getting energy from sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles in the plant cell that perform photosynthesis; large, green organelles that are found only in the cells of plants and algae |
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Term
|
Definition
| green pigment in chloroplasts |
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|
Term
| What is the fundamental unit of life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are all living things made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do cells have in common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells are compose of ___. |
|
Definition
| The same sorts of molecules that participate in the same types of chemical reactions. |
|
|
Term
| The genetic instructions or genes of cells are stored in ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will you learn by studying cell and molecular biology? |
|
Definition
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
All cells have similar chemistry.
Mechanistic understanding of cellular function and dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
| What discovery did Robert Hooke make? |
|
Definition
| He described minute chambers in a piece of cork cells, though they were actually cell walls that remained after the living plant inside the cork had died. |
|
|
Term
| What observation did Anton van Leeuwenhoek make? |
|
Definition
| He observed living cells from algae Spirogyra. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, membrane-enclosed units filled with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals and endowed with the extraordinary ability to create copies of themselves by growing and dividing by two |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hairlike extensions whose sinuous beating sweeps the cell forward, rotating as it goes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polymer chains are made from the same set of four monomers nucleotides, strung together in different sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA --> RNA (mRNA) --> Protein
Replication --> transcription --> translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Built from amino acids and every living thing uses the same set of 20 amino acids to make its proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein's 3D shape caused by amino acids linked in different sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which living species become gradually modified and adapted to their environment in more and more sophisticated ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The entire library of genetic information in a cell's DNA and provides a genetic program that instructs the cell how to function and, for plant and animal cells, how to grow into an organism with hundreds of cell types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use visible light to illuminate specimens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use beams of electrons instead of beams of light as the source of illumination, greatly extending our ability to see the fine details of cells and even making some of the larger molecules visible individually |
|
|
Term
| Which two tenets of the cell theory did Schleiden and Schwann propose? |
|
Definition
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the structural unit of life. |
|
|
Term
| Which tenet of the cell theory did Virchow propose? |
|
Definition
| Cells can only arise by division from a preexisting cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strong support for germ theory and against spontaneous generation.
Living organisms do not arise spontaneously but can be generated only from existing organisms. |
|
|
Term
| In 1880, Edward Strasburger did what to explain DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| He drew a living plant cell (a hair cell from a Trade scantia flower), which he observed dividing into two daughter cells over a period of 2.5 hours. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| around the nucleus and filling the cell's interior; a transparent substance crammed with what seems at first to be a jumble of miscellaneous objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranes surrounding organelles |
|
|
Term
| transmission electron microscope |
|
Definition
| type of electron microscope used to look at thin sections of tissue |
|
|
Term
| scanning electron microscope |
|
Definition
| scatters electrons off the surface of the sample and so is used to look at the surface detail of cells and other structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have the simplest structure and come closest to showing us life stripped down to its essentials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms whose cells have a nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles that generate energy for the eucaryotic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| getting energy from sunlight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles in the plant cell that perform photosynthesis; large, green organelles that are found only in the cells of plants and algae |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| green pigment in chloroplasts |
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Term
| Symbiosis of chloroplast ancestor with ancestor of green plants |
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Definition
| Evolved from photosynthetic bacteria that found a home inside the plant cell's cytoplasm |
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Term
| Symbiosis of mitochondrial ancestor with ancestor of eukaryotes |
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Definition
| Evolved from aerobic bacteria that took to living inside the anaerobic ancestors of today's eucaryotic cells |
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Term
| Possible fusion of bacterium and archaean yielded ___. |
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Definition
| the ancestor of eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| last common ancestor of all living things |
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Term
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Definition
| usually the most prominent organelle in a eucaryotic cell enclosed with in two concentric membranes that form the nuclear envelope and it contains molecules of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship in which the host eucaryote and the engulfed bacterium help one another to survive and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing on a cellular level; mitochondrion consumes oxygen and release carbon dioxide in the course of harnessing energy from the oxidation of food molecules to produce ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen is considered poison to an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| an irregular maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by a membrane and is the site where most cell membrane components, as well as materials destined for export from the cell, are made |
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Term
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Definition
| stacks of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs which receives and often chemically modifies the molecules made in the ER and then directs them to the exterior of the cell to various locations inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| small, irregularly shaped organelles in which intracellular digestion occurs, releasing nutrients from food particles and breaking down unwanted molecules for recycling or excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| small, membrane enclosed vesicles that provide a contained environment for reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is generated and degraded |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in the transport of materials between one membrane-enclosed organelle to another |
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Term
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Definition
| animal cells engulf very large particles or even foreign cells |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles from inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the external medium |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the cytoplasm that is not partitioned off with in intracellular membranes; largest single compartment; site of many chemical reactions (manufacture of proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| molecular machines that make protein molecules and often attached to the cytosolic face of the ER |
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Term
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Definition
| system of filaments anchored at one end to the plasma membrane or radiate out from a central site adjacent to the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| thinnest of filaments present in all eucaryotic cells but occur in especially large numbers inside muscle cells, where they serve as part of the machinery that generates contractile forces |
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Term
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Definition
| thickest filaments that have the form of minute hollow tubes; in dividing cells, they become reorganized into a spectacular array that helps pull the duplicated chromosomes in opposite directions and distribute them equally to the two daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| serve to strengthen the cell that attach to them; form a system of girders, ropes, and motors that gives the cell its mechanical strength; controls its shape and drives and guides its movement |
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Term
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Definition
| free-living actively motile microorganisms that the behavior of single-celled eucaryotes (prey upon and swallow other cells) is borne out by |
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Term
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Definition
| certain organisms that are easier than others to study in the lab, reproduce rapidly and convenient for genetic manipulations; transparent so that one can directly watch the development of all their internal tissues and organs. ex) E. coli, budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (eucaryotes), Arabidopsis thaliana (plants), Drosophila melanogaster, nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish, mouse |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which surplus cells are disposed of in all animals |
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Term
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Definition
| genes from different organisms have closely similar DNA sequences causing a high probability that both genes descended from a common ancestral gene |
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