Term
| The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the scientific process: experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication |
|
Definition
| observation, hypothesis, experimental data, replication, model, theory |
|
|
Term
| What type of graph would be best to display the data on the finishing times of the 10 fastest horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term polar is used to describe molecules because |
|
Definition
| there are at least two distinct ends of the molecule regarding electron position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a membrane lipid? |
|
Definition
| cholesterol, phospholipids, and sphingolipids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate |
|
|
Term
| A harmful substance that the liver produces when metabolizing fatty acids is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect |
|
|
Term
| When energy is released during catabolism, it is temporarily trapped in high energy bonds or electrons of certain compounds. Which of the following is NOT associated with carrying energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Homeostasis is the ability of the body to |
|
Definition
| quickly restore changed conditions to normal |
|
|
Term
| The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body: tissue, cell, organ, molecule, organism, organ system. Smallest to largest... |
|
Definition
| molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
|
|
Term
| An exergonic chemical reaction |
|
Definition
| converts molecules into molecules that have less free energy; releases energy as the reaction progresses |
|
|
Term
| The induced-fit model of enzyme activity states that |
|
Definition
| neither the substrate nor the products can bend to bind with the enzyme; the enzyme must bend to allow interaction |
|
|
Term
| Metabolism is a term that describes |
|
Definition
| all chemical reactions that take place within an organism |
|
|
Term
| You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered an independent variable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is ______ adipose (fat) cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An allosteric modulator binds to |
|
Definition
| a region of the enzyme other than the active site |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT considered an essential element for a living organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body fluid compartment contains high levels of K+, large anions, and proteins? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Passive transport refers to a process that requires |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule with an unpaired electron |
|
|
Term
| Facilitated diffusion and active transport differ in that |
|
Definition
| ATP is necessary for active transport, but not for facilitated diffusion |
|
|
Term
| Fruits and vegetables are a good source of antioxidants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first law of thermodynamics states that |
|
Definition
| the total amount of energy in the universe is constant; energy can neither be created nor destroyed |
|
|
Term
| A competitive inhibitor binds to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inside of a resting cell is slightly negative relative to the outside. This is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reactions where fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from vitamins; organic molecules; organic cofactors |
|
|
Term
| All of these statements about carbohydrates are true except one. Identify the exception. |
|
Definition
| Glycogen is important both for energy storage and to provide structure for cells |
|
|
Term
| The ion that plays a key role in initiating electrical signals in neurons is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fick's law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion across a membrane is |
|
Definition
| proportional to concentration gradient, surface area, and membrane permeability. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a common feature of soluble proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the structures listed below are involved in storage, EXCEPT |
|
Definition
| lysosomes; secretory vesicles; storage vesicles; peroxisomes. |
|
|
Term
| Voltage-gated (voltage-dependent) channels and antiport carriers are both types of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have lower concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions |
|
|
Term
| All of the following are types of mediated transport except one. Identify the exception. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a precursor to steroid hormones; a structural component of cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. Which type of graph is best to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term meaning programmed cell death is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since the widespread adoption of the Pap test, deaths from cervical cancer have dropped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The atomic number of an element directly or indirectly indicates |
|
Definition
| the placement of the atom in the periodic table of the elements; the number of electrons in one atom; the number of protons in one atom |
|
|
Term
| A physician basing clinical decisions on primary research published in biomedical literature is doing __________ medicine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing the likelihood that a reaction will start; lowering the activation energy of a reaction; binding to the reactants and putting them in favorable positions to react |
|
|
Term
| The components of ribosomes are formed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which group of elements makes up more than 90% of the body's mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The study of body function in a disease state is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For each NADH molecule that moves through the electron transport system, what is the potential yield of ATP molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of epithelia include all of the following EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of the __________ structure of a protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The type of protein found in gap junctions is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form cilia that aid in cell movement; are hollow, filamentous structures; are the largest cytoplasmic fibers; are composed of tubulin |
|
|
Term
| You are interested in learning more about Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that primarily affects motor function. What is the best source to begin your investigation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water will always move from __________ areas to __________ areas, if there are no impermeable barriers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a simple endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is the |
|
Definition
| sensor; integrating center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to the calcium channel of the endoplasmic recticulum; is involved in the release of calcium into the cytosol |
|
|
Term
| Which is NOT a basic method of cell-to-cell communication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most significant difference between a paracrine and an autocrine is |
|
Definition
| the cell that responds to it |
|
|
Term
| Each of the following statements concerning peptide hormones is true except one. Identify the exception. |
|
Definition
| Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Diacylglycerol is produced from |
|
Definition
| phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate |
|
|
Term
| The binding of lipophilic messengers, such as steroid hormones, to their receptors triggers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptor molecules on the surface of a cell |
|
Definition
| may allow a particular ligand to bind; determine that cell's response |
|
|
Term
| The intracellular effector in chemical signaling is often |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The posterior pituitary gland secretes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The increasingly forceful uterine contractions that lead to childbirth are an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One intracellular calcium-binding protein is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stabilizes the variable being regulated |
|
|
Term
| Which type of feedback promotes homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When steroid hormones bind to their receptors, |
|
Definition
| gene transcription may start or stop |
|
|
Term
| When calcium becomes available inside a cell, it comes from |
|
Definition
| intracellular storage; extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second messenger molecules directly |
|
Definition
| change the regulation of ion channels; increase intracellular calcium concentration; change enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
| The majority of hormones in the body are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After a hormone has exerted its effects, it typically |
|
Definition
| is inactivated or removed from the blood |
|
|
Term
| When adenylyl cyclase is activated, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Down-regulation may allow a target cell to |
|
Definition
| decrease its number of receptors for a ligand |
|
|
Term
| What by-product results during the production of nitric oxide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal? |
|
Definition
| Some cells lack the necessary receptors |
|
|
Term
| Hormones acting through signal transduction pathways elicit a __________ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroid hormones are synthesized in the __________ of the cell. |
|
Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a method of hormone action? |
|
Definition
| control of electrical signaling pathways |
|
|
Term
| When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, |
|
Definition
| a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| When adenylyl cyclase is activated, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important factor determining which type of receptor a signal molecule will bind to is |
|
Definition
| the lipid solubility of the ligand |
|
|
Term
| Usually, cytokine binding activates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most complex endocrine responses involve the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. The response of the target cells to each of these two hormones is opposite. This information implies that |
|
Definition
| the two hormones bind to different cell surface receptors; each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger |
|
|
Term
| Exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles are controlled by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which brain area is considered to be the integrating center for homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain from one area of the body, such as in cardiac ischemia, can be felt in another area, such as the neck and left shoulder; this is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The afferent and efferent axons together form the |
|
Definition
| peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide structural and metabolic support; guide neurons during growth and repair; help maintain homeostasis of the brain's extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| The collection of axons that carries information between the central nervous system and the peripheral effectors is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A blind spot in the retina occurs where |
|
Definition
| photoreceptors are absent, as the optic nerve leaves the eye |
|
|
Term
| The enteric nervous system is a network of neurons that function in controlling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ciliary muscle helps to |
|
Definition
| control the shape of the lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
| The sensory receptors of the semicircular canals are located in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Louder noises result in __________ action potentials in the sensory neuron. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are activated by parameters that must be continuously monitored by the body; are slowly adapting receptors; are proprioreceptors, for example |
|
|
Term
| A sudden flash of bright light would |
|
Definition
| cause contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles |
|
|
Term
| Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excitatory neurotransmitters of the CNS usually act by opening __________ channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The falling phase of the action potential is due primarily to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A viral infection involving the vestibular nuclei may result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemicals such as histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, and substance P |
|
Definition
| activate nociceptors by lowering their activation threshold |
|
|
Term
| Photoreceptors secrete the neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary purpose of the auditory ossicles is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The portions of a neuron that extend off of the roughly spherical cell body are usually collectively called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Detailed understanding of the cellular basis of signaling in the nervous system has lead to good understanding of consciousness, intelligence, and emotion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stimulus opens more sodium channels in photoreceptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a rod cell in the eye is stimulated by light, |
|
Definition
| the intracellular level of cGMP decreases |
|
|
Term
| Cold receptors have been shown to respond also to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the sodium pump in the membranes of the photoreceptors were blocked, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain region that is identifiable by its folds and grooves is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the __________, which acts as a relay and processing station. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Declarative memories are stored in cortical areas of the __________ lobes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vitreous chamber of the eye |
|
Definition
| helps to stabilize it and gives physical support to the retina |
|
|
Term
| These glial cells act as scavengers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The multiple thin, branched structures on a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is NOT housed in the medulla oblongata? |
|
Definition
| centers for control of eye movement |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic motor neurons are subdivided into the |
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
|
|
Term
| The Nernst equation predicts |
|
Definition
| the membrane potential resulting from permeability to a single ion |
|
|
Term
| The structure that overlies the organ of Corti is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term axonal transport refers to |
|
Definition
| vesicle transport of proteins and organelles down the axon |
|
|
Term
| What does the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation take into account that the Nernst equation does NOT? |
|
Definition
| the permeabilities of the ions |
|
|
Term
| When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Language and verbal skills tend to be __________ side of the brain of right-handed people. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is a system that influences motor output, according to Larry Swanson? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pons develops from the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gustatory neurons are stimulated by taste cells for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters are released from the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold |
|
|
Term
| The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the __________ division. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete __________ onto their target cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system?
1. blood pressure
2. heart rate
3. water balance
4. temperature regulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which area is NOT normally considered to be an autonomic control center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because |
|
Definition
| it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion; it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood; it is a source of catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors. Why? |
|
Definition
| There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Striated muscles are so-called because of a repeating pattern of light and dark bands. One repeating unit of the banding pattern is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the arm, the biceps brachii is a flexor whereas triceps brachii is an extensor. Which of the following statements is TRUE? |
|
Definition
| Theses muscles are an example of antagonistic muscles; The biceps brachii is the primary muscle responsible for movement of the hand and forearm towards the shoulder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a binding site for an actin molecule; a binding site for an ATP molecule; the ability to swivel when powered by ATP |
|
|
Term
| When acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction, |
|
Definition
| the muscle membrane depolarizes, creating an end-plate potential (EPP); action potentials are triggered, which lead to activation of the contraction cycle; it binds to receptors that allow Na+ and K+ ions to cross the sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
| The tension generated in a muscle fiber is directly proportional to the |
|
Definition
| number of crossbridges formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The power stroke begins when |
|
Definition
| the inorganic phosphate and ADP are released from the myosin |
|
|
Term
| The purpose of transverse tubules is to |
|
Definition
| rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of cross-bridge formation is accomplished by |
|
Definition
| troponin; calcium ions; tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
| Muscle fatigue arises primarily from failure in |
|
Definition
| excitation-contraction cycle |
|
|
Term
| Motor neurons are sometimes inhibited by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which reflex is NOT controlled by the brainstem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most reflexes are regulated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sensory fibers of the muscle spindle organs synapse onto |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After stretching an intrafusal fiber, the next event is |
|
Definition
| an increase in action potentials along the associated sensory neuron |
|
|
Term
| The effector in a reflex is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinal interneurons prevent muscle antagonists from interfering with an intended movement by |
|
Definition
| the process of reciprocal inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Most reflex movements are integrated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol, the catecholamines, and growth hormone do all of the following, EXCEPT |
|
Definition
| enhance deposition of fat in adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| With endurance training, muscle mitochondria increase in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In resistance exercise, such as strength training, muscles rely heavily on __________ energy production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The advantage of anaerobic metabolism is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fat stores are used for energy only after muscles have depleted their carbohydrate energy stores. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The role of phosphocreatine is to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolytic metabolism is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest metabolic reserves for the average adult are stored as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones that increase in concentration in the plasma during exercise include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hepatic portal vein carries blood away from the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myocardial cells can generate action potentials spontaneously because they have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The driving force for blood flow is a(n) __________ gradient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As blood vessel length increases, |
|
Definition
| flow decreases; resistance increases |
|
|
Term
| The term myogenic indicates that the heart muscle is the source of |
|
Definition
| the electrical signal that triggers heart contraction |
|
|
Term
| The action potential in a cardiac contractile cell causes |
|
Definition
| opening of L-type calcium channels |
|
|
Term
| The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of increasing Ca2+ __________ and decreasing K+__________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which parameters are associated with increased resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stretching a myocardial cell |
|
Definition
| allows more Ca2+ to enter; increases the force of contraction |
|
|
Term
| The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to |
|
Definition
| ensure that blood flows in one direction |
|
|
Term
| During the plateau phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, which ion(s) is/are crossing the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Differences between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles |
|
Definition
| have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls |
|
|
Term
| If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does NOT change, what happens to arterial blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic pressure resulting from presence of plasma proteins in blood is called __________ pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because |
|
Definition
| it represents the driving pressure for blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure, |
|
Definition
| cardiac output increases; sympathetic activity increases |
|
|
Term
| The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myogenic autoregulation means that |
|
Definition
| stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively |
|
|
Term
| Reactive hyperemia is triggered by |
|
Definition
| local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Blood pressure is determined by |
|
Definition
| measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel |
|
|
Term
| The process of fibrinolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary stimulus for the release of erythropoietin is |
|
Definition
| hypoxemia; low oxygen levels in the tissues |
|
|
Term
| The carrier protein that transports absorbed iron through the blood is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is/are vasoconstrictors? |
|
Definition
| serotonin; thromboxane A2 |
|
|
Term
| Thrombopoietin is produced in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each red blood cell is shaped as a biconcave disk. This allows it to |
|
Definition
| change its shape to squeeze through narrow openings; shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions |
|
|
Term
| The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the |
|
Definition
| activation of proenzyme exposed to collagen |
|
|
Term
| A hematocrit is used to indicate |
|
Definition
| the packed cell volume; the ratio of red blood cells to the total blood volume |
|
|
Term
| Under normal circumstances, aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue factor is released in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most excess iron in the body is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the |
|
Definition
| release of tissue factor by a damaged endothelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a mixture of gases like air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete a chemical known as surfactant |
|
|
Term
| A typical value for intrapleural pressure is __________ mm Hg |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Total cross-sectional area __________ with each division of the airways |
|
Definition
| allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar ventilation refers to the |
|
Definition
| movement of air into and out of the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Boyle's law states that gas volume is |
|
Definition
| inversely proportional to pressure |
|
|
Term
| Air moves into the lungs because |
|
Definition
| the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure |
|
|
Term
| The lungs are enclosed in __________ membranes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in Pco2 would cause |
|
Definition
| the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to dilate |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary ventilation refers to the |
|
Definition
| movement of air into and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| According to the law of LaPlace, when comparing two alveoli lined with fluid, pressure in the one with the __________ diameter will be greater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing |
|
|
Term
| Air moves out of the lungs because |
|
Definition
| the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration |
|
|
Term
| Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase would |
|
Definition
| cause an increase in blood pH |
|
|
Term
| Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoxia resulting from fluid accumulation in the alveoli that cannot be corrected by oxygen therapy can lead to |
|
Definition
| adult respiratory distress syndrome |
|
|
Term
| The expiratory neurons control the __________ muscles, whereas the inspiratory neurons control the __________ muscles |
|
Definition
| abdominal and internal intercostal, diaphragm and external intercostal |
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|
Term
| The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately __________ mm Hg |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chloride shift occurs when |
|
Definition
| bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| In the medulla oblongata, the nucleus tractus solitarius contains the __________ of neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protective reflexes of the lungs include |
|
Definition
| coughing; bronchoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| The lung pathology most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will |
|
Definition
| increase the rate of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases 2,3-DPG production in blood; can be caused by anemia |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would make the oxygen-hemoglobin curve shift right? |
|
Definition
| increased H+ concentration |
|
|
Term
| Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to all EXCEPT which of the following? |
|
Definition
| changes in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| The most important chemical regulator of respiration is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At a Pco2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is __________% saturated with oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents overexpansion of the lungs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule |
|
|
Term
| The typical pattern for molecules absorbed by Na+-dependent transport involves this: an apical __________ and a basolateral __________ |
|
Definition
| symport protein, facilitated diffusion carrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the Bowman's capsule |
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|
Term
| Which of the following statements about autoregulation is NOT true? |
|
Definition
| Myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes |
|
|
Term
| The amount of plasma that filters into the nephrons is approximately __________ of the total volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a normal kidney, which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? |
|
Definition
| a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood |
|
|
Term
| The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood flow through the kidney includes a feature seen in only a few organs. What is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary function of the proximal tubule is |
|
Definition
| reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water |
|
|
Term
| Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier? |
|
Definition
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
|
Term
| An obstruction in a glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Place the following blood vessels that carry blood to and within the kidney in the order in which blood passes through them
1. afferent arteriole
2. efferent arteriole
3. glomerulus
4. peritubular capillary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The force for glomerular filtration is the |
|
Definition
| blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases, |
|
Definition
| stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow |
|
|
Term
| Which structure is NOT part of the blood circulation through the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidneys respond relatively __________ to changes in blood volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes the synthesis and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex; stimulates thirst; causes widespread vasoconstriction throughout the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates water conservation at the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| The two organ systems that work together to regulate most aspects of the body's water balance are |
|
Definition
| urinary and cardiovascular |
|
|
Term
| Most body water is located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
| will still be expelled from the body in the urine |
|
|
Term
| Atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
Definition
| Inhibits the release of ADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Juxtaglomerular cells in the nephron secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hormone that directly controls water excretion by the kidneys is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary route for water loss from the body is the __________ system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of |
|
Definition
| osmolarity of extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| The hormone that regulates water excretion by the kidneys |
|
Definition
| increases water permeability in only certain portions of the kidney tubules |
|
|
Term
| Stimuli for the activation of the RAAS pathway include |
|
Definition
| low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron; a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule |
|
|
Term
| The primary route for ion loss from the body is the __________ system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triggered by increased osmolarity; controlled by centers in the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| When baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies register increased blood pressure, this results in |
|
Definition
| inhibition of ADH secretion |
|
|
Term
| Osmoreceptors depolarize after they __________ in response to __________ plasma osmolarity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes sodium retention in the kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine; produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Mechanical digestion refers to |
|
Definition
| the enzymatic breakdown of food |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rugae, plicae, and villi are all features that accomplish |
|
Definition
| an increase in surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| G cells of the stomach secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes, but NOT of nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the sequence of layers from the lumen to the outer wall of the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
|
|
Term
| Adipocytes secrete the hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the fasting state, the energy stores of the __________ become the major source of glucose for the whole body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the absorptive state, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most practical way to estimate a person's basal metabolic rate is to measure it when the person is |
|
Definition
| resting after a 12-hour fast |
|
|
Term
| Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from peripheral tissues to the liver are called |
|
Definition
| high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
|
|
Term
| D cells in the islet of Langerhans secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The alpha cells of the pancreas produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The feeding and satiety centers are located in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is a precursor for the synthesis of |
|
Definition
| estradiol; aldosterone; progesterone |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol secretion peaks between __________ and __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland play a major role in growth and metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The C cells of the thyroid gland produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormone contains the mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin is another name for |
|
Definition
| growth hormone-inhibiting hormone |
|
|
Term
| The action of a hormone on a target cell involves effects on target cell |
|
Definition
| receptor proteins; nonreceptor proteins |
|
|
Term
| The adrenal medulla produces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system include |
|
Definition
| macrophages and monocytes |
|
|
Term
| C-reactive protein is a type of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes and plasma cells |
|
Definition
| mediate the acquired immune response; are found primarily in lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| Antibiotics are drugs that destroy or inhibit the growth of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukocytes recognize molecules that are unique to pathogens; thus, the molecules are |
|
Definition
| pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acting as messengers for growth and activity of other cells |
|
|
Term
| The largest lymphoid tissue(s) is/are the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them |
|
|
Term
| Swelling and soreness of the lymph nodes indicate that |
|
Definition
| immune cells are fighting infection |
|
|
Term
| Autoimmune diseases are an example of a/an __________ response by the immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A zygote with the genotype YO will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the level(s) of |
|
Definition
| estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase the surface area available for exchange between the placenta and the maternal blood |
|
|
Term
| The small paired glands at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitotic divisions in germ cells |
|
Definition
| The answer depends on gender |
|
|
Term
Indifferent gonads develop into testes under the influence of:
A) peptide or protein hormones
B) estrogens
C) androgens
D) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When allowed to develop, the Mullerian ducts become the |
|
Definition
| fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial cells produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sperm cannot fertilize an egg until they |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The role of the pituitary hormone FSH in males is to |
|
Definition
| initiate sperm production in the testes |
|
|
Term
| The structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol |
|
|
Term
| The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The product of the SRY gene is |
|
Definition
| testis-determining factor |
|
|
Term
| The average length of the menstrual cycle is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sperm production occurs in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The embryo forms from the |
|
Definition
| inner cell mass of the blastocyst |
|
|
Term
| Periodic pulsatile secretion of GnRH appears to be important in |
|
Definition
| preventing down-regulation of GnRH receptors |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the placenta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiosis of one cell results in production of |
|
Definition
| four gametes if male, one if female |
|
|
Term
| During meiosis, the chromosome number is halved |
|
Definition
| during the first meiotic division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of sperm into the urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| X-linked genes are expressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fold of skin that covers the tip of the penis is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum in a nonpregnant woman usually lasts about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polyspermy in humans results in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hormone that is the basis for a pregnancy test is |
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ decreases ovarian follicle sensitivity to FSH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the condition known as cryptorchidism |
|
Definition
| the testes fail to descend into the scrotum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain twice the normal amount of DNA |
|
|
Term
| The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The structure that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of contraception allows fertilization but prevents implantation? |
|
Definition
|
|
