Term
| Write out the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration. |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP |
|
|
Term
| During cellular respiration, which molecule(s) is oxidized? Which is reduced? |
|
Definition
| Glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced |
|
|
Term
| Explain the benefits of gradual energy release over explosive energy release. |
|
Definition
| gradual energy release is more efficient because cells are able to capture all the energy released vs explosions where the energy is released all at once, and cells cannot capture all of the released energy |
|
|
Term
| Explain why ATP is used as an energy shuttle in cells. Where is the energy stored in ATP? |
|
Definition
| because ATP has 3 phosphates and phosphates are extremely electronegative, ATP has an enormous potential energy & works well to store and transport that energy. The energy in ATP is stored in the chemical bonds between phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
| Write out the parts of cellular respirations metabolic pathway. |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis -> oxidation of pyruvate -> Kreb's cycle -> oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Explain the statement “you exhale your burnt food.” |
|
Definition
| CO2 is a biproduct of cellular respiration (extracting energy from glucose molecules) and we exhale CO2 to get rid of it |
|
|
Term
| Where does glucose enter cellular respiration? What happens to glucose? |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis (the first step of cellular respiration) breaks 1 glucose molecule in half, resulting in 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH & 2 ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is pyruvate? When is it produced? What does a cell do with pyruvate during cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| A pyruvate is a 3-carbon molecule formed by hydrolizing a glucose molecule. If a cell continues with cellular respiration, pyruvates are further oxidized to produce NADH & the biproduct CO2. What is left of the pyruvate is Acetyl-CoA |
|
|
Term
| Explain the relationship between NAD+ & NADH (and FAD & FADH2). What is their function within cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| NAD+ is an electron acceptor & NADH is the reduced form of NAD+. Together they act as an electron shuttle during cellular respiration. FAD & FADH2 are analogous to NAD+ & FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| What is acetyl-CoA? When is it produced? What does a cell do with acetyl-CoA during cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| Acetyl-CoA is the oxidized form of a pyruvate formed during pyruvate oxidation. It is stored as fatty acids and is necessary as the fuel source for the Krebs cycle |
|
|
Term
| How is acetyl-CoA & cellular respiration related to fat accumulation in animals? |
|
Definition
| Acetyl-CoA is stored as triglycerides (fat synthesis) and can be chopped up for ATP production |
|
|
Term
| What is the citric acid cycle? What happens during the citric acid cycle? What are the major products of the citric acid cycle? |
|
Definition
| The citric acid cycle (aka the Krebs cycle) is the electron harvesting portion of cellular respiration. It oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, & 2 CO2 as a biproduct |
|
|
Term
| What is the electron transport chain? Where is it located? Where does it get its electrons from? |
|
Definition
| the ETC is a series of membrane proteins organized in a row located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. NADH & FADH2 drop electrons off at different points in the ETC. |
|
|
Term
| What is the electron transport chain using the electrons for? And where do those electrons end up? |
|
Definition
| the ETC uses electrons as a dam uses water. The flow of electrons turns the rotor in the intermembrane space, pumping H+ ions out of the intermembrane space to create a steep H+ gradient and generate ATP. At the end of the ETC electrons are picked up by oxygen, the terminal electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
| Explain the relationship between active transport, diffusion, biological membranes and the production of ATP. |
|
Definition
| active transport of electrons powers proton (H+) pumps in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. The pump generates a proton gradient. the diffusion of protons through ATP synthase then generates mechanical energy in the form of ATP |
|
|
Term
| Explain how the production of ATP is obeying the first law of thermodynamics. |
|
Definition
| Energy is not being created by the ETC; diffusion of protons is causing ATP synthase to spin, which transforms potential energy into chemical energy |
|
|
Term
| Explain the relationship between ATP production and weight loss (or weight gain). |
|
Definition
| When we need ATP but don't have enough of it, our cells generate ATP from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA, stored in fat as triglyceride (weight loss). When we have access ATP our cells "pack away" acetyl-CoA as triglycerides in fat for later use (weight gain) |
|
|
Term
| What is fermentation? How is it different than cellular respiration? How is fermentation similar to cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| fermentation is partial oxidation of organic fuel in the absence of oxygen. Cellular respiration requires oxygen, whereas fermentation does not. They are alike in that they both begin with glycolysis, resulting in the production of a pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major types of fermentation we discussed? How are they similar? How are they different? |
|
Definition
| Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. They both take an H molecule from NADH. Lactic acid fermentation yields lactate and 2 ATP & its terminal electron receptor is pyruvate. Alcohol fermentation yields ethanol, CO2, & 2 ATP & its terminal electron acceptor is acetaldehyde (C2H4O). |
|
|
Term
| Explain the relationship between photosynthesis, cellular respiration and decomposition (the carbon cycle). |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are essentially inverse processes. The products of cellular respiration are the reactants for photosynthesis, and vise versa. Organic carbon cycle through these processes, and are recycled to the ecosystem for further use when an organism dies by decomposers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| break down molecules and produce energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesize molecules and require energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sum of all chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free energy of a thermodynamically favourable reaction (such as the hydrolysis of ATP) is used to 'drive' a thermodynamically unfavourable one, by coupling or 'mechanistically joining' the two reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of an electron by a molecule or atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gain of an electron by a molecule or atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATP; molecule that is used to drive almost all cellular endergonic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of reactions occurring in the cytosol that breaks one glucose molecules into 2 pyruvates & produces a little bit of ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a three-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis; each glucose molecule yields two pyruvate molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electron acceptor throughout cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electron donor that drops off at the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the product of the transition reaction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA by NAD+, also producing CO2, and NADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Krebs cycle; oxidizes the organic fuel supplied by acetyl-CoA; uses the last of the carbons from the original glucose molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cofactor that acts as a soluble (not membrane-bound) electron carrier (can be reversibly oxidized and reduced) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cofactor that acts as a soluble (not membrane-bound) electron carrier (can be reversibly oxidized and reduced) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the passage of energetic electrons through a series of membrane-associated electron-carrier molecules to proton pumps embedded within mitochondrial or chloroplast membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein pump powered by movement of electrons that pumps protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space (active transport) |
|
|
Term
| Terminal Electron Acceptor |
|
Definition
| molecule at the end of the ETC that picks up electrons that have been stripped of energy by the ETC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The enzyme responsible for producing ATP in oxidative phosphorylation; it uses the energy from a proton gradient to catalyze the reaction ADP + Pi → ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the substance occupying the space enclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion; it contains enzymes, filaments of DNA, granules, and inclusions of protein crystals, glycogen, and lipid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organic compound that is composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups. With the addition of another phosphate group, it is converted to ATP for the storage of energy during cell metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The net movement of dissolved molecules or other particles from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| Synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase using energy from a proton gradient. The proton gradient is generated by electron transport, which requires oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The enzyme-catalyzed extraction of energy from organic compounds without the involvement of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biproduct of lactic acid fermentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups bound to a saturated carbon atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cyclical movement of organic carbon molecules throughout ecosystems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capturing light energy & converting it to chemical energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conversion of CO2 into organic compounds during photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2 |
|
|
Term
| How does the chemical equation for photosynthesis compare to the equation for cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| Where does gas exchange occur in plants? Photosynthesis? Water uptake? Where does water get used? |
|
Definition
| Stomata on leaves are responsible for gas exchange and photosynthesis; roots take up water from the soil and transport it up the stem and to the leaves for use in photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| During gas exchange in plants, which gas(es) are diffusing into the plant and which gas(es) are diffusing out of the plant? Compare that to gas exchange in your lungs. Is it the same or is it different? |
|
Definition
| CO2 is diffusing into the leaves and H2O & O2 is diffusing out of the leaves. In our lungs, we are diffusing O2 in and CO2 out |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? Where would you find chlorophyll? |
|
Definition
| Chlorophyll is responsible for absorbing and capturing energy from sunlight. Chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid sacs of the chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| What are the light reactions? Where do they occur? |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis; takes place in the chloroplasts of the plant cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the input/reactant molecules in the light reactions? What are the output/product molecules of the light reactions? |
|
Definition
Input reactants: light, water, ADP & NADP+
Output products: O2, ATP & NADPH |
|
|
Term
| What is the Calvin cycle? Where does it occur? |
|
Definition
| The Calvin cycle absorbs high energy electrons & uses them to form C-C bonds. It occurs in the stroma |
|
|
Term
| What are the input/reactant molecules in the Calvin cycle? What are the output/product molecules of the Calvin cycle? |
|
Definition
Input: CO2, ATP & NADPH
Output: sugar, ADP, NADP+ & inorganic phosphate |
|
|
Term
| How are the light reactions and the calvin cycle interconnected, or how are they related to each other? |
|
Definition
| Light reactions convert light energy into chemical energy, which is then used by the Calvin cycle to convert CO2 into sugars |
|
|
Term
| Does being photosynthetic mean that plants do not have to go through cellular respiration? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
| It does not; being photosynthetic means you can generate your own organic compounds from sunlight for cellular respiration instead of ingesting the organic compounds of another organism |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of carbon fixation. |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis captures light, which is then converted into chemical energy. That chemical energy is used to drive the Calvin cycle, allowing CO2 to be converted into sugars |
|
|
Term
| Explain how the metabolic processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interconnected, and how do those metabolic processes relate to the cycling of matter and the flow of energy through ecosystems? |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis uses water and CO2 + light energy to create glucose. Heterotrophs can then consume the plant to use its glucose by means of cellular respiration, which gives off water and CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell-like organelle present in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll (and usually other pigments) and carries out photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in plants, a minute opening bordered by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The photosynthetic parenchyma of a leaf, located within the epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for water uptake, as well as energy storage during winter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A particle of light having a discrete amount of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the pigments responsible for absorbing energy from sunlight; responsible for the pigment of plants; found in the chloroplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In chloroplasts, a complex, organized internal membrane composed of flattened disks, which contain the photosystems involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In photosynthesis, the reactions in which light energy is captured and used in production of ATP and NADPH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dark reactions of C3 photo-synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A coenzyme that occurs in many living cells and functions as an electron acceptor like NAD but reacts with different metabolites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In metabolism, involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3-carbon chain; takes 2 G3P to make one glucose molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 2nd ETC that transfers electrons to NADP+ to generate NADPH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 1st ETC which generates a proton gradient that powers ATP synthase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conversion of CO2 into organic compounds during photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the Calvin cycle RuBP is the 5-carbon organic compound that attaches to CO2 producing two molecules of 3-PGA and therefore the process of photosynthesis continues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme present in plant chloroplasts, involved in fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that photosynthesizes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that consumers other organisms for organic material |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of cell division? |
|
Definition
1. to make more cells- to grow, repair &/or maintain
2. to reproduce - to produce the next generation of organisms |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of mitosis? |
|
Definition
| to generate genetically identical offspring |
|
|
Term
| Explain the relationship between an organism’s genome & chromosomes. |
|
Definition
| the genome is the total amount of DNA within a cell, while a chromosome is how those DNA molecules are packaged inside the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a chromosome & a chromatid? |
|
Definition
| A chromatid is half of a duplicated chromosome; two chromatids make up one chromosome during cell division |
|
|
Term
| What is the centromere & where would you find it? |
|
Definition
| the place where the two sister chromatids are most closely attached; it is not necessarily found at the middle of the chromosome |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of mitosis? |
|
Definition
| Interphase (G1, S, G2), M phase (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase), Cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
| What is cytokinesis? How is it different in animals than in plants? |
|
Definition
| the division of the cytoplasm & organelles; in animals, a cleavage furrow forms & pinches the cell in two; in plants, the cell plate forms, dividing the cell in half |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between somatic cells/tissues & gametes? |
|
Definition
| somatic cells are non-reproductive diploid cells; gametes are sexually reproductive haploid cells |
|
|
Term
| How does mitosis relate to cancer? |
|
Definition
| cancer is a result of a loss of cell cycle control - cells divide unchecked & form tumors that can spread into other tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by malignant vs. benign? How does that relate to individual cells? |
|
Definition
malignant: cells spread into neighboring tissues
bengin: cells remain at original site
if even one malignant tumor spreads to another tissue, cell growth will continue unchecked |
|
|
Term
| What types of organisms can/could get cancer? |
|
Definition
| any multicellular organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the irreversible increase in the dry mass of an organism brought about by an increase in cell size or number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parents" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total amount of DNA within a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 molecule of DNA & its associated proteins; how the DNA molecules are packaged inside cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-reproductive diploid cells (skin, muscle, leaf) of multicellular organisms produced by mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproductive haploid cells (sperm, egg, pollen) of sexually reproducing, multicellular organisms produced by meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of the nucleus & the genome; results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of the nucleus & the genome; results in 4 genetically unique daughter cells with 1/2 of DNA as the parent cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of the cytoplasm & organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1/2 of a duplicated chromosome; 2 sister chromatids contain identical DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| place where the two sister chromatids are most closely attached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~90% of cell cycle
consists of G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase
nuclear envelope is present, nucleolus is present, individual chromosomes are not present, basic cellular functions are ongoing & continuous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular contents, excluding chromosomes, are duplicated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA is replicated by enzymes
each chromosome now has 2 sister chromatids held together by a single centromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cell "double checks" the duplicated chromosomes for any error, & either proceeds to M phase or destroys the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
begins after G2 of interphase is complete
shortest phase of the cell
4 phases of mitosis + cytokinesis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides and organizes spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the site of rRNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phase of cell division that begins when the condensed chromosomes become visible and ends when the nuclear envelope breaks down. The assembly of the spindle takes place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The stage of mitosis or meiosis during which microtubules become organized into a spindle and the chromosomes come to lie in the spindle's equatorial plane
cells dividing wrong are terminated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An imaginary plane perpendicular to the spindle fibers of a dividing cell, along which chromosomes align during metaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In mitosis and meiosis II, the stage initiated by the separation of sister chromatids, during which the daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell; in meiosis I, marked by separation of replicated homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phase of cell division during which the spindle breaks down, the nuclear envelope of each daughter cell forms, and the chromosomes uncoil and become diffuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell, group of cells, or organism that is produced asexually from and is genetically identical to a single ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unrestrained growth and division of cells; it results from a failure of cell division control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proliferation of cancerous cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells remain at original site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells spread into neighboring tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which cancer cells move from their point of origin to other locations in the body |
|
|
Term
| What cells are diploid and what cells are haploid in the life cycle of sexually reproducing cells? |
|
Definition
| The parent cell at the beginning of meiosis I is diploid. The 2 daughter cells at the end of meiosis I are both haploid. The parent and daughter cells of meiosis II are all haploid |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| asexual reproduction has 1 parent and results in genetically identical offspring; sexual reproduction requires 2 parents and results in offspring with a unique combination of genes inherited from both parents |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between genes and alleles? Explain the relationship between alleles and homologous chromosomes. |
|
Definition
| an allele is an alternate version of a gene; homologous chromosomes have the same genes but different alleles |
|
|
Term
| Describe the event that occurs during Prophase I that is a critical part of generating genetic diversity. Explain the relationship of this event to homologous chromosomes. |
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) and exchange segments of DNA (crossing over). This essentially "stirs the genetic pot" resulting in unique combinations of alleles |
|
|
Term
| Genetic variation is produced in 4 basic ways. What are they? Which one(s) are exclusive to sexually reproducing organisms? |
|
Definition
1. mutation
2. crossing over during prophase I
3. independent assortment during metaphase I
4. random fertilization
crossing over, independent assortment, & random fertilization are exclusive to sexually reproducing organisms |
|
|
Term
| Where in an animal does meiosis occur? What are the products of meiosis called, in animals? |
|
Definition
| meiosis only occurs in reproductive cells, called gametes (egg or sperm in animals) |
|
|
Term
| What is independent assortment? When during meiosis does it occur? Describe the relationship between independent assortment and homologous chromosomes. |
|
Definition
| independent assortment is when homologous chromosomes assort independently during metaphase I. Each random assortment is equally likely & possible & contributes to genetic diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single individual is the only parent & passes all of its genes to its offspring, resulting in a genetically identical individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two parents give rise to offspring with unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of a haploid sperm & a haploid egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the result of fertilization; is diploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offspring differ in appearance from their parents & their siblings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scientific study of heredity & hereditary variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of copies, or sets, of each chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two copies, or sets, of each chromosome (2n) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one copy, or set, of each chromosome (n) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes that are the same length, have the centromere at the same position, & carry the same set of genes along their length; a pair of chromosomes that carry equivalent genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hereditary units that equal segments of DNA along the length of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternate forms of the same gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene's specific location along the length of a chromosome; alleles of a particular gene are located at the same locus on homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phase of meiosis I where synapsis of homologous chromosomes takes place as well as crossing over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pairing up of homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Crossing over/recombination |
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA to increase genetic diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of two homologous chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tetrads line up on metaphase plate; homologs are physically held together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes are pulled apart & migrate to opposite poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes arrive at poles; sister chromatids are stilled attached; daughter cells are now haploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| begins with haploid cells; meiotic spindle forms & centrioles migrate to opposite poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes align along metaphase plate & spindle fibers attach to centromeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids separate at centromere; each sister chromatid is now a chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4 genetically distinct haploid daughter cells are produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes assort independently during metaphase I; each random assortment is equally likely & possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which haploid sperm fertilizes which haploid egg is entirely random |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A permanent change in a cell's DNA; includes changes in nucleotide sequence, alteration of gene position, gene loss or duplication, and insertion of foreign sequences |
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|
