Term
| For a micro-organism to be considered a pathogen, it must: |
|
Definition
| Gain entry to the host, colonise the hosts tissues, resist the hosts defences, and caused damage to the hosts tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that causes disease. |
|
|
Term
| Entrances to the body for disease: |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange and digestive systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mucus layers, enzymes that break down pathogens, stomach acid that does the same |
|
|
Term
| How do pathogens cause disease? |
|
Definition
| Damaging body cells, producing toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the probability that damage to health will occur as a result of a given hazard |
|
|
Term
| Things that increase risk factor for most diseases/health issues: |
|
Definition
| Smoking, diet, obesity, lack of exercise, age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carries food from the mouth to the stomach, has a thick muscular wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscular sac that produces enzymes, stores and digests food, mostly proteins, has a mucus layer that prevents its own acid digesting it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long muscular tube, enzymes produced from walls, walls folded into villi and microvilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stores food until it goes to the anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces proteases, lipase, and amylase |
|
|
Term
| All digestive enzymes function by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monosaccharides have the formula |
|
Definition
| (CH2O)n, where n can equal 3,4,5,6 or 7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Add sample to water, grind up if not already liquid, add an equal amount of Benedicts reagent, heat gently, if reducing sugar present it goes red/ orange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bonds between monosaccharides are called: ____ and are formed by ___________ |
|
Definition
| Glycosidic bonds, condensation reaction |
|
|
Term
| Test for non-reducing sugars |
|
Definition
| Add food to dilute hydrochloric acid, grind up, boil, then wait for it to cool, slowly add some sodium hydrogencarbonate, check solution is alkaline with pH paper, do Benedicts test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many monosaccarides joined together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| add iodine, black/blue = positive |
|
|
Term
| These enzymes are produced where, amylase, maltase, sucrase |
|
Definition
| Pancreas and salivary glands, epithelium of small intestine, epithelium of small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bodies lose the ability to digest Lactose, so gas is produced when the bacteria in the body digest it instead |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids are joined together to make ______ using a ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids have ______ functional groups, _____,_____,_____,____ |
|
Definition
| Four, amino(NH2), carboxyl(COOH), hydrogen(H), R (a variety of different chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alpha helix, or beta pleated sheet, hydrogen bonds join them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disulfide bonds, ionic bonds and more hydrogen bonds make the protein significant, determines the specific shape and active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only in some proteins, can contain non-protein groups such as the iron in haemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biuret test, add sodium hydroxide, add dilute copper sulfate solution, purple = peptide bonds and therefore protein |
|
|
Term
| Which proteins are structural? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What to globular proteins do? |
|
Definition
| Metabolic functions, such as enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes lower the __________ of a reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substrate and active site specific and complementary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes active site changes slightly for substrate, allows other, similairly structured molecules in, accepted now |
|
|
Term
| Things that effect enzyme reactions |
|
Definition
| temp, substrate concentration, pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have a similar structure to the substrate, bind to the active site and prevent the substrate doing so |
|
|
Term
| Non-competitive inhibitors |
|
Definition
| Bind to the enzyme at a place other than the active site, prevent it binding with the substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Size of image/size of object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Or resolving power, the minimum distance apart two things can be for a microscope to determine that they are separate items. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaking up of cells to see the organelles |
|
|
Term
| Cold, isotonic, buffer solution, |
|
Definition
| cold reduces enzyme activity, isotonic prevents organelles bursting or shrinking as a result of osmosis, buffer maintains a constant pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells go in blender, releases organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spinning the organelles so the lightest go to the top |
|
|
Term
| Electron microscopes have a higher resolving power because: |
|
Definition
| Electrons have a shorter wavelength than light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sample must be thin, dead, prepared through staining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sample can be thicker, electrons dont penetrate, 3d image, sample must be dead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Buclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double membrane, Cristae for surface area, Matrix in between, respiration |
|
|
Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
| Provides large surface area for protein synthesis, and a transportation pathway for transport of materials |
|
|
Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
| Synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Add carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins, produce secretory enzymes, secrete carbohydrates, transport, modify and store lipids, and forms lysosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Break down cells when they die, digest pathogens in phagocytosis, digest worn out organelles, release enzymes to outside of cell to destroy things outside it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found mainly in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded, and intrinsic proteins acting as channels for facilitated diffusion |
|
|
Term
| Roles of lipids other than phospholipid bilayer |
|
Definition
| Energy source, waterproofing, insulation, protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emulsion test, Add 2cm3 of sample to 5cm3 of ethanol, shake it, add water, shake, cloudy = positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate of diffusion is proportional to |
|
Definition
(surface area x difference in concentration)
_____________________________________
length of diffusion pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the passage of water from a region of high water potential to an area of low water potential through a partially permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of molecules or ions into or out of a cell from a region of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy and carrier molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase surface area for diffusion, thin to reduce diffusion pathway, well supplied with blood vessels, can move to maintain a concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No nucleus, nucleolus, membrane bound organelles, chlorplasts or endoplasmic reticulum, ribsomes are smaller, circular strands of DNA, peptidoglycan cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleolus, nucleolus, chromosomes, golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, membrane bound organelles, chloroplasts present in plants and algae, cell wall made of chitin or cellulose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If the cholera bacteria survive to the small intestine, they bury themself in the wall, then produce a toxic protein that causes the ion channels of the cell surface membranes to open. This causes chloride ions to flood the small intestine, lowering the water potential and therefore causing water to move in |
|
|
Term
| Cholera is treated with _________ which contain |
|
Definition
| Oral Rehydration Solutions, boiled water, sodium, glucose, potassium and other electrolytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexible airway that is supported by rings of cartilage, contains mucus and cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two divisions of the trachea that lead into the lungs, produce Mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Branching subdivisions of the bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minute air sacs surrounded by cappileries , containing elastin and collagen |
|
|
Term
| internal intercostal muscles |
|
Definition
| contraction leads to expiration |
|
|
Term
| external intercostal muscles |
|
Definition
| contraction leads to inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tidal volume x ventilation rate |
|
|
Term
| Features of exchange surfaces |
|
Definition
| Large SA to VOL ration, very thin, partially permeable, movement of internal and external medium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| droplet transmission, grow and divide in upper regions of lungs, generally destroyed by bacteria, this is the primary infection. Years later it can return, and this time it destroys the tissues in the upper lungs, requires up to 9 months of antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scars forming on lung epithelium, increases size of diffusion pathway, reduces elasticity of lungs, causes shortness of breath, coughing, pain and discomfort, weakness and fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Airways inflamed due to immune system response, larger quantities of mucus produced, causes diffluclty in breathing, coughing and a tight feeling in the chest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elastin in alveoli damaged, cell walls destroyed, lung surface area reduced, shortness of breath, coughing, cant breath out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connected to left ventricle, oxygenated blood everywhere but lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connected to right atrium, brings deoxygenated back from the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brings oxygenated blood to the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents backflow to atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents backflow to ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents backflow in veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart rate x stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| Sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes |
|
Definition
| Sinoatrial pulses, atria contract, wave reaches atrioventricular, small pause, atrioventricular pulses, travels along bundle of His, and ventricles contract from apex up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Build up a fatty streaks and white blood cells behind endothelium of blood vessel, narrows the lumen, if it bursts through, thrombosis can occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of a blood clot within the vessel, can grow to block the vessel, or become dislodged and block another, if it is a coronary artery it can cause myocardial infarction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A heart attack, a coronary artery gets blocked and the oxygen stops being delivered to the heart |
|
|
Term
| Non specific defence mechanisms |
|
Definition
| Barriers and phagocytosis, attack all pathogens the same way |
|
|
Term
| Specific defence mechanisms |
|
Definition
| Less rapid than non-specific, but provide long-lasting immunity, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| How lymphocytes recognise their own cells |
|
Definition
| In the fetus, lymphocytes are colliding with their own cells only, so the lymphocytes that have receptors that fit with the bodies own cells are killed or suppressed, and the only ones remaining fit foreign material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skin, mucus, hydrochloric acid in stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phagocyte attracted to non self material, engulf pathogen, form a vacoule around it, release lysosomes into vacoule, lysosomes break down bacteria, phagocyte absorbs products of digestion |
|
|
Term
T lymphocytes mature in _____
B lymphocytes mature in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First, phagocytes place antigens of digested pathogens on their surface, then receptors on t lymphocytes fit exactly onto these. This causes other T cells to divide by mitosis, some of these cloned cells become memory cells, others stimulate B cells to divide and phagocytes to attack, and kill infected cells by breaking holes in their cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monoclonal antibodies are produced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dead or weakened pathogen is purposely injected into patient so they gain long lasting immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The majority of the people are immune, so the disease cannot find a pathway to those who arent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| introduction of antibodies from outside source |
|
|
