Term
| One of the most prominent features of the bacteria and archaea is their: |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria have BLANK bonds in lipid membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| Archaea have BLANK bonds in lipid membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| Features in common with eukaryotes (3) |
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Definition
| Histone protiens, Ribosomal protiens, and RNA polymerases |
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Term
| BLANK and Eukarya have common ancestry |
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Definition
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Term
| Halophiles can live in environments with: |
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Definition
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Term
| Extremophiles can exist in environments with: (4) |
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Definition
| High salt content, Acidity, High methane levels and high temperatures |
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Term
| Which is more diverse: Archaea or bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| The only bacteria to generate oxygen as a product of photosynethesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Cyanobacteria gave rise to BLANK of modern eukaryotic algae and plants |
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Definition
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Term
| Cyanobacteria are named for |
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Definition
| Their blue/green "cyan" color |
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Term
| Are cyanobacteria unicellular or multicellular? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Characteristics of protists: (2) |
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Definition
| Mostly microscopic and live in moist habitats |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Protists are common in: (3) |
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Definition
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Term
| The structure of plankton is primarily: |
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Definition
| Single cells, colonies or short filaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| Communities of microorganisms attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| Multicellular bodies including seaweeds and macroalgae |
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Term
| Types of protist motility: (4) |
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Definition
| Cilia, flagella, pseudopodia, gliding on slime |
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|
Term
| Are protists monophyletic? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Eukaryotic supergroups: (7) |
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Definition
| Excavata, Land plants and their relatives, Alveolata, Stramenopila, Rhizaria, Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta |
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Term
| Distinctive feature of Excavata |
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Definition
| A feeding groove that takes in food via phagotrophy |
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Term
| Flagella are composed of: |
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Definition
| The motor protien dynein and microtubules |
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Term
| How do eukaryotic flagella move? |
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Definition
| Rapidly bend and straighten |
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Term
|
Definition
| Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis |
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Term
| Are Excavata unicellular, multicellular or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| Studying the genomes of T. vaginalis and G. intestinalis concluded that... |
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Definition
| Trichomonas has a more complex genome due to its transition to the vagina as a habitat. Also horizontal transfer played a large role in the development of the genomes of both. |
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|
Term
| Do excavates have mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
| Euglenozoans are part of which supergroup? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kinetoplasts are part of which supergroup? |
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Definition
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Term
| Unique characteristic of Euglenozoans |
|
Definition
| Possess interlocking ribbon-like protein strips beneath the plasma membrane for crawling |
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Term
| Unique characteristic of Kinetoplasts |
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Definition
| Possess a kinetoplast, which is a large mass of DNA in the single mitochondria |
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Term
|
Definition
| Leishmania and Trypanosoma brucei |
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Term
| Supergroup of land plants and relatives includes which protists? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms that possess primary plastids |
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Definition
| Green and red algae, as well as plants |
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Term
| Organisms that include secondary plastids |
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Definition
| Crytomonads and Haptophytes |
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Term
| Unique feature of Haptophytes |
|
Definition
| A covering of calcium carbonate coccoliths |
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Term
| Unique characteristic of the supergroup Alveolata |
|
Definition
| Saclike membranous vesicles present in cell periphery |
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|
Term
| Alveolata includes which 3 groups? |
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Definition
| Ciliaphora, Apicomplexa and Dinozoa |
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|
Term
| Dinoflagellates have BLANK plastids |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Dinoflagellates form mutualistic relationships with: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are dinoflagellates autotrophic or heterotrophic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasmodium and Cryptosporidium parvum |
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|
Term
| Unique characteristic of Stramenopila |
|
Definition
| Strawlike hairs on the surface of flagella |
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Term
| Supergroup that includes a wide range of algae, protozoa, and fungus-like protists |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Unique characteristic of Rhizaria |
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Definition
| Thin, hair-like extensions of the cytoplasm called filose pseudopodia |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thin, hair-like extensions of the cytoplasm characteristic of Rhizaria |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chlorarachniophyta, Radiolaria, and Foraminiferia |
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|
Term
| Slime molds response to starvation: |
|
Definition
| Aggregation into a multicellular "slug" that produces spores in favorable conditions |
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Term
| Dictyostelium discoideum is a model organism for understanding: |
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Definition
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Term
| Unique characteristic of the supergroup Opisthokonta |
|
Definition
| Single posterior flagellum on swimming cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Animal and fungal kingdoms and related protists (Nuclearia and Choanomonads) |
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|
Term
| BLANK has a calcium carbonate shell that is used to tell past climate conditions |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Collared cells" in the supergroup Opisthokonta, closely related to animals |
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|
Term
| Four basic types of nutrition in protists: |
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Definition
| Photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, osmotrophy, and mixotrophy |
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Term
|
Definition
| The uptake of small organic molecules across the cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| Photosynthetic stramenopile, which also consumes bacteria (mixotrophic) |
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Term
| Slimy mucilage and spiny cell walls protect against |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Types of food storage molecules used by protists: |
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Definition
| Starch, polysacchrides and oil |
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|
Term
| Cellulose or silica coverings prevent BLANK and allow BLANK |
|
Definition
| Osmotic damage, flotation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ejectable spear-like defenses |
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|
Term
| Dinoflagella defenses: (2) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Results of Burkholder's research on dinoflagellates: |
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Definition
| Both strains of the dinoflagellate Pfiesteria are toxic to mammalian cells |
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|
Term
| All protists can reproduce BLANK |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Many protists produce BLANK to remain dormant during bad conditions |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Parasitic hosts use cysts to: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most unicellular sexually reproducing protists have BLANK life cycles |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 2n part of the zygotic life cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| Many multicellular green and brown algae have a BLANK life cycle |
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Definition
| Sporic (alteration of generations) |
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Term
| Possess 3 multicellular generations |
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Definition
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Term
| Life cycle that involves + and - mating strains |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinct characteristic of the gametic life cycle |
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Definition
| All cells except the gametes are diploid |
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Term
| Organisms with a gametic life cycle |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Source of information for everyday cellular function |
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Term
| Fungi are part of which supergroup? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Similarities between fungi and animals: (3) |
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Definition
| Heterotrophic, both use absorptive nutrition, and both store surplus food as glycogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| secreting enzymes and absorbing small organic molecules |
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|
Term
| Plasma membranes contain BLANK instead of cholesterol |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nucleus, mitochondria and 80s ribosomes |
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|
Term
| Fungi have relatively simple BLANK and a wide range of BLANK |
|
Definition
| Nutritional requirements, growth rates |
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|
Term
| Are fungi unicellular, multicellular or both? |
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Definition
| Both depending on the species |
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Term
|
Definition
| The body of a fungi, composed of individual, branched filaments of hyphae |
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Term
|
Definition
| Filaments that make up the mycelium of fungi |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells which are not partitioned by cell walls |
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|
Term
| Early diverging fungi are BLANK and later diverging fungi are BLANK |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Mushrooms are a type of BLANK |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The fruiting bodies of fungi produce: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyphae have BLANK surface area to BLANK |
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Definition
| Large, increase absorption |
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Term
| Fruiting bodies develop via: |
|
Definition
| Sexual reproduction of hyphae |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some hyphae are adapted to: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asexual cloning OR sexual reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Asexual spores grown at the tips of the hyphae |
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Term
| Fungal food spoilage, allergies and diseases are caused by: |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes skin and lung infections in vulnerable patients (asexual fungi) |
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Term
| Athlete's foot fungus and infectious yeast are: |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Asexual reproduction by some yeasts |
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|
Term
| Fungi life-cycle is BLANK dominant |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Gametes of most fungi are: |
|
Definition
| Cells from hyphal branches |
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|
Term
| Gametes of fungi only differ: |
|
Definition
| Biochemically (mating types) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fusion of gametes' cytoplasm, which occurs with most sexual organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fusion of gametes' nuclei, following plasmogamy. Occurs with most sexual organisms. |
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Term
| After plasmogamy in fungi: |
|
Definition
| Karygamy does not occur for some time; the nuclei remain seperate for a long time |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cell which contains 2 nuclei, one from each parent |
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|
Term
| Mycelium contains BLANK nuclei |
|
Definition
| Two. Mycelium is dikaryotic and funtionally diploid. |
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|
Term
| Are the cells of fruiting bodies homokaryotic or dikaryotic? |
|
Definition
| Dikaryotic until nuclei fuse at maturity and form the zygote |
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Term
| Do fruiting bodies undergo mitosis or meiosis to form spores? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungi spores are dispersed via: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toxins and hallucinogenic substances |
|
Definition
| Substances which fungi produce in the fruiting body to deter consumption |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cryptomycota, chytridomycota, microsporidia, zygomycota, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, ascomycota, and basidiomycota |
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|
Term
| Earliest diverging phyla of fungi |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chitin in their cell wall |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Life phases of cryptomycota: |
|
Definition
| Cells with a singular flagellum and nonflagellate cells that attach to diatoms |
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|
Term
| Are cryptomycota unicellular or multicellular? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ecological role of chytrids: |
|
Definition
| Decomposers or parasites or pathogens |
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|
Term
| Unique characteristic of Microsporidia: |
|
Definition
| Very small and occurrence as single-celled spores |
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|
Term
| Ecological role of Microsporidia: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microsporidia that is linked to honeybee colony collapse disorder |
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|
Term
| Ecological role of zygomycota: |
|
Definition
| Mostly decomposers, but also some parasites |
|
|
Term
| IS the mycelium of Zygomycota septate or aseptate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unique characteristic of Zygomycota: |
|
Definition
| Presence of sporangia and zygospores |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Present in zygomycota, a cell in which the zygote forms |
|
|
Term
| Development of a zygospore: |
|
Definition
| Gametangia of compatible mating types fuse, producing a zygosporangium in which a multinucleate zygospore matures in |
|
|
Term
| Development of the spores of zygomycota: |
|
Definition
| Haploid nuclei fuse into diploid nuclei, which undergo meiosis to become haploid spores |
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|
Term
| Do AM Fungi have aseptate or septate hyphae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asexually with large multinucleate spores |
|
|
Term
| Distinctive feature of AM Fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the hyphae of Ascomycota septate or aseptate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unique feature of Ascomycota |
|
Definition
| Sporangia called asci, which develop on ascocarps, produce sexual ascospores |
|
|
Term
| Ecological role of Ascomycota |
|
Definition
| Decomposers and plant pathogens |
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|
Term
| Are basidiomycota hyphae septate or aseptate? |
|
Definition
| Septate with complex pores |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Club-shaped cells of gruiting bodies that produce sexual spores |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The sexual spores of Basidiomycota |
|
|
Term
| Most recently diverged groups of fungi: (2) |
|
Definition
| Ascomycota and Basidiomycota |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Fruiting bodies of Basidiomycota |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyphal structures that help distribute nuclei during cell division |
|
|
Term
| Only certain bacteria and fungi can breakdown BLANK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As a decomposer, releases minerals to the soil and water |
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|
Term
| Fungi keep the populations of: |
|
Definition
| Nematodes and some insects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Humans, animals and crops |
|
|
Term
| Example of a common fungal pathogen: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Valley Fever, caused by an ascomycote fungus which is potentially fatal and endemic to the San Joaquin Valley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live as spore-producing hyphae in the soil, but when their spores are inhaled by mammals, the host body's temperature triggers the fungus transform into pathogenic yeasts |
|
|
Term
| Beneficial associations with photosynthetic partners: (3) |
|
Definition
| Mycorrhizal fungi, endophytes and lichens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungal hyphae penetrate the spaces between root cell walls and plasma membranes and grow along the outer surface of the plasma membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Coat root surface and grow between cells of roots |
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|
Term
| Benefit of endophytes to plant hosts: |
|
Definition
| Toxins or antibiotics that deter foraging animals, insect pests and microbial pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The leaf and stem tissue of various plants |
|
|
Term
| Lichens are a partnership of: |
|
Definition
| Fungi and green algae and/or cyanobacteria |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Convert compounds into citric acid, glycerol and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms |
|
|
Term
| Hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships derived from systematics result in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monophyletic group; group of species consisting of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains a common ancestor and some, BUT NOT ALL, of its descendents |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains more than one ancestor and their descendents |
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|
Term
| Genes can be homologous if: |
|
Definition
| They are derived (changed) from the same gene |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Analysis of DNA and amino acid sequences to test phylogenetic hypotheses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Study and classification of species based on evolutionary relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shared primitive character; shared by 2+ taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last common ancestor |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Shared derived character; from most recent common ancestor |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Where two species differ in shared derived characters |
|
|
Term
| 5 steps to constructing a phylogenetic tree: |
|
Definition
| 1. Choose a species or taxa 2. Gather data 3. Choose an outgroup as a root 4. Analyze data and resolve cladograms 5. Choose the most likely cladogram |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which events occurred first; Not always obvious in evolution |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism to measure evolutionary time: |
|
Definition
| Rate of neutral mutations |
|
|
Term
| Cytochrome oxidase subunit II |
|
Definition
| DNA sequence used to analyze evolutionary relationships of primates |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
