Term
|
Definition
occurs mostly in the small intestines
also in the stomach
empty stomach or carbonation can speed up absorption
absorption slowed by food |
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Term
|
Definition
blood alcohol content
standard way to determine the extent of a person's alcohol impairment
same concentration in breath, urine, and blood |
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|
Term
| how is alcohol a depressant? how does it affect GABA? |
|
Definition
depresses the CNS
enhances the inhibitory effects of GABA by allowing the GABA receptors to stay open longer and making it less excitable |
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|
Term
| Alcohol and energy drinks |
|
Definition
| combo of depressant and stimulant |
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|
Term
| How does alcohol affect ADH? |
|
Definition
ADH- antidiuretic hormone, retains fluid in the body
alcohol causes a decrease in ADH, an increase in urine flow, and thus a decrease in blood pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
dehydration
decrease in blood sugar
expansion of blood vessels
irritation of stomach lining |
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|
Term
| alcohol-related liver diseases |
|
Definition
Fatty Liver Disease
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Alcoholic Cirrhosis |
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Term
|
Definition
excessive drinking can lead to: heart failure,stroke, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmia, sudden cardiac death
alcohol can be good for the heart in moderation- antioxidants, reduces clotting, increases HDL |
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|
Term
| causes of fetal alcohol syndrome |
|
Definition
when children are exposed to alcohol during pregnancy
more you drink, greater the risk
alcohol travels through placenta to get to mother's bloodstream
fetus has a higher BAC than mother
alcohol interferes with delivery of O2 and nutrients to the developing baby |
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Term
|
Definition
the psychological state of someone functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment
the absence of a mental health disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal behaviors/emotions that cause significant distress and/or impair normal functioning |
|
|
Term
| causes of mental health disorders |
|
Definition
environmental
cultural
genetics
biological
neurological |
|
|
Term
| criteria for diagnosing major depression |
|
Definition
depressed or irritable mood
diminished interest or pleasure
significant weight change
change in sleeping habits
change in activity
fatigue or loss of energy
guilt/worthlessness
concentration
recurrent thoughts of death or suicide |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability of the brain to change in response to experience |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
expansion of blood vessels
causes increase of heat loss
alcohol can cause hypothermia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intervention
individual or group counseling
outpatient program
residential inpatient stay
medicine to prevent drinking |
|
|
Term
| Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
|
Definition
brain damage because of alcoholism
Wernicke: short lived, severe
Korsakoff: long lasting, debilitating |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome |
|
Definition
Physical: facial features, deformities, slow growth, vision/hearing, smaller head/brain, heart defects, kidney problems
Brain/CNS: bad coordination, learning disorders, delayed development, poor memory, attention problems, difficulty with problem solving, hyperactivity
Social/Behavioral: problems interacting/getting along with others, difficulty in school, lack of impulse control, trouble adapting to change |
|
|
Term
| neurological causes of depression |
|
Definition
| low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine |
|
|
Term
| treatments for depression |
|
Definition
antidepressants- treat symptoms
psychotherapy/talk therapy |
|
|
Term
| classes of antidepressants |
|
Definition
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
tricyclic antidepressants
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) |
|
|
Term
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) |
|
Definition
block the enzyme monoamine oxidase
increase neurotransmitter availability at the synapse
increase communication between neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka cheese effect
patients taking MAOIs need to limit tyramine in their diet
increase in tyramine can cause dangerously high BP |
|
|
Term
| tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) |
|
Definition
block the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporter
increase neurotransmitter availability in the synapse and neuron communication
boosts mood
has adverse effects as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most commonly prescribed antidepressant
better selectivity and reduced side effects from TCAs
block the serotonin reuptake transporter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"dual-acting" antidepressant
can be more effective in patients who don't respond to SSRIs
block the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disruptive shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and ability to carry out normal functioning
intense emotional states called mood episodes; main, depression, or both |
|
|
Term
| criteria for diagnosing mania |
|
Definition
1+ wk of abnormal and persistently elevated/irritable mood
3+ of the following at the same time:
inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, insomnia or hypersomnia, more talkative, disorganized thoughts, excessive fidgeting, excessive involvement in risky activities, increase in goal-directed activity |
|
|
Term
| treatment of bipolar disorder |
|
Definition
long-term preventative treatment
mood stabilizers
antidepressants
antipsychotics
anxiolytics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
effective mood stabilizer
lots of side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal, short-lived response to stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inappropriate, excessive, irrational anxiety that interferes with normal functioning |
|
|
Term
| types of anxiety disorders |
|
Definition
generalized anxiety
OCD
panic disorder
specific phobias
social anxiety disorder
PTSD |
|
|
Term
| treatment for anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
anxiolytic drugs (barbiturates, benzodiazepines)
psychotherapy
combination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a chronic, severe, disabling mental disorder
hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking, movement disroders
flat affect, lack of pleasure, speaking little |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dopamine receptor antagonists, which block the binding of dopamine to receptors and treat hallucinations and delusions |
|
|
Term
| typical antipsychotic side effecst |
|
Definition
pseudoparkinsonism
tardive syskinesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
resting tremor, mask-like face, unsteady gait
dopamine receoptor antagonists block the ability of the nigrostriatal pathway to regulate movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involuntary repetitive movements
caused by chronic exposure to antagonists, which makes dopamine receptors overly sensitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
subjective- whatever the patient says is painful
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue damage |
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|
Term
|
Definition
learning about danger
body saying something is wrong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensory system
motivational system
cognitive system |
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|
Term
| 5 steps involved in the pain pathway |
|
Definition
transduction
conduction
transmission
perception
modulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors that sense tissue damage by conveying heat, cold, or pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transmit messages between the spinal cord/brain and other parts of your body
CNS: ascending/descending |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lowest intensity at which a stimulus is perceived as pain and may be influenced by genetics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of time or intensity of pain that an individual will endure before initiative over pain resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid warning system to minimize detected physical harm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
persistent pain (6 months+)
tissue damage, inflammation, or injury of the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neuropathic (hyperalgesia, allodynia)
peripheral
central |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opioid receptors in the spinal cord inhibit ascending pain signals
opioid receptors stimulate descending pathways
double attack against pain signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gold standard/benchmark of analgesics used to relieve severe pain
bad side effects (tolerance, constipation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
broken down into morphine
highly addictive
most popular opiate used recreationally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most widely used opiate in the world
wide safety margin, fewer side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronic pain management
100x stronger than morphine
fully synthetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
narcotics depress the respiratory centers in the brain
toxic effects are additive in the presence of alcohol or other depressants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| little damage to any tissue organ systems, but the danger is from addiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opioid receptors signal for the release of dopamine
act on the "reward centers" in the brain
withdrawal symptoms when stop taking the drug |
|
|
Term
| two divisions of the nervous system |
|
Definition
central nervous system (process)
peripheral nervous system (receive and respond) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involuntary control of body
divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voluntary control of body movements |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
action
drugs: epinephrine, cocaine |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
relax
drugs: morphine, heroin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dendrite
cell body
axon
synapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the way neurons talk
travels down an axon and signals the next neuron
when a neuron fires, membrane potential depolarizes-becomes positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endogenous chemical released by neurons and used to signal other neurons by binding to their receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference in charge between ions inside and outside the neuron |
|
|
Term
| resting membrane potential |
|
Definition
more negative ions inside the cell
more positive ions outside the cell
resting neurons are polarized and negative |
|
|
Term
| steps of neurotransmission |
|
Definition
actional potential
calcium channel opens
calcium influx
calcium binds to vesicles
vesicles go to end of neuron
vesicles fuse to membrane and release neurotransmitters
neurotransmitter goes into synapse
neurotransmitter binds to receptor
neurotransmitter cleared from the synapse |
|
|
Term
| Ways neurotransmitters are cleared from the synapse |
|
Definition
bind to postsynaptic receptor
bind to presynaptic autoreceptor (off switch)
bind to a reuptake transporter
broken down by an enzyme
diffuse away from the synapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mimics ligand and can cause the same response
NTs are agonists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to a receptor and blocks the ligand |
|
|
Term
| main classes of receptors |
|
Definition
ionotropic- open ion channels
metabotropic- activate enzymes fora signal transduction cascade effect, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excitatory neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibitory neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major neurotransmitter in the CNS and PNS
excitatory or inhibitory
receptors: nicotonic or muscarinic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neurons are more positive, easier to fire
closer to threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neurons are more negative, harder to fire
hyperpolarized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neurodegenerative disease
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacological Strategies for Parkinson's Disease |
|
Definition
replace DA in the brain with L-DOPA + Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor
prolong availability of DA-COMT inhibitor, MAO inhibitor
mimic effects of DA
Decrease ACh activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic neurodegenerative disease
movement,cognitive, and psychiatric problems
caused by gene HTT |
|
|
Term
| Huntington's Pathophysiology |
|
Definition
Opposite of Parkinson's Disease
Imbalance in favor of DA to ACh |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacological Stratgies for Huntington's Disease |
|
Definition
DA-depleting agents-VMAT inhibitors
Benzodiazepines
Antipsychotic drugs-dopamine receptor antagonist
Anticonvulsants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neurons in the cerebral cortex and regions important for memory degenerate
no cure |
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's Pthophysiology |
|
Definition
brain shrinkage
tangles and plaques |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacological Strategies for Alzheimer's |
|
Definition
increase ACh levels (cholinesterase inhibitors)
decrease excessive glutamate activity (glutamate antagonists) |
|
|
Term
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) |
|
Definition
progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord
affects motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| neurodegenerative disease |
|
Definition
Parkinson's Disease
Huntington's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common neurological disorder in young adults
affects myelin (around axon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beta interferons (most effective)
substitute antigens
antibodies
steroids
immune suppressants |
|
|
Term
| 3 main classes of depressants |
|
Definition
barbiturates
benzodiazepines
alcohol |
|
|
Term
| what are depressants used to treat? |
|
Definition
anxiety/panic disorders
insomnia |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of Action for Depressants |
|
Definition
act on the GABA receptor
GABA binding makes it harder for other things to activate the neuron
GABA increase=Brain activity decrease
depressants bind to the GABA receptor and increase the inhibitory effects of GABA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase the actions of GABA on its receptor by lengthening he opening time of the Cl channel
inactivate the neuron
much easier to OD on barbiturates because they increase actions of GABA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make it more likely that GABA will activate its receptor by opening the Cl and inactivating the neuron
enhance actions of GABA
safer than barbiturates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
commonly abused in combo with other drugs
inadvertently become addictions-tolerance builds up, become dependent, go through withdrawals
dangerous in combo with alcohol- additive effect |
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