Term
| difference between viruses and cells |
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Definition
cells grow and develop on their own, viruses require a host
viruses don't have a nucleus, nor a particular place for genetic material
viruses do have a core wall |
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Term
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Definition
small, infectious particles containing genetic material
cannot survive without a host |
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Term
| how viruses cause disease |
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Definition
transform the cells they infect (cancer)
viral replication bursts (lyse) cells |
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Term
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Definition
attachment to host cell
fusion with cell membrane
transport
viral genome replication
viral protein synthesis
packaging new virus
release |
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Term
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Definition
| viral disease progresses as replication occurs |
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Term
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Definition
acute infection: actively replicating
latent infection: dormant and not replicating |
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Term
| ways to prevent viral infection |
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Definition
vaccines
disinfectants
antivirals |
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Term
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Definition
virustatic (only active to prevent viral replication)
relatively ineffective because many cycles of replication happen before symptoms occur |
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Term
| stages of viral replication inhibited by antivirals |
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Definition
entry/uncoating
genome replication
assembly of new virus
release of progeny virus |
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Term
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Definition
infections acquired through sexual contact
non-sexual transmissions also, ie mother to infant and shared needles |
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Term
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Definition
bacterial infections
viral infections
protozoan infections |
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Term
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Definition
often do not cause symptoms
STIs have similar symptoms, hard to distinguish
lab testing (urine, blood, swabbing) |
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Term
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Definition
chlamydia (most common)
gonorrhea
syphilis
all are treated with antibiotics |
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Term
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
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Definition
2 main causes: chlamydia and gonorrhea
women's health negatively affected, causing infertility and chronic back pain |
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Term
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Definition
HPV (most common STI)
HSV
HBV
HIV |
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Term
|
Definition
combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART) and HAART
high mutation rate of HIV
escape limitations of only one drug |
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Term
|
Definition
| most advanced stage of HIV infections |
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Term
|
Definition
behavioral interventions: safe sex, reduced number of sexual partners, condoms, STI testing
vaccinations: HBV, HPV |
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Term
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Definition
deliberate prevention of pregnancy using any method
non-hormonal
hormonal (synthetic) prevent egg maturation/fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| output of a system reduces the input to the system |
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Term
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Definition
| follicle stimulating hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
| luteinizing hormone (pituitary gland) |
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Term
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Definition
| the discharge of a mature ovum from the ovary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains both a synthetic estrogen and progestin |
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Term
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Definition
| number of pregnancies per 100 women per year |
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Term
| systemic hormonal contraceptives MOA |
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Definition
synthetic hormones targeted to the blood stream
suppress ovulation
thin the uterine lining and thicken the cervical mucus |
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Term
| difference between perfect and typical use |
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Definition
contraceptive effectiveness is determined by many factors that are determined by voluntary control
long term methods have higher normal use effectiveness |
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Term
| types of emergency contraceptives |
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Definition
estrogen and progestin
progestin-only
anti-progestin |
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Term
| emergency contraceptives MOA |
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Definition
mainly prevent ovulation
should not be used as a regular method of birth control
more effective the earlier it's taken after sex |
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Term
| why aren't male hormonal contraceptives available? |
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Definition
males are always capable of fertilization, don't have a process to replicate
not enough interest for the cost |
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Term
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Definition
a disease where cells grow abnormally
% survival depends on age, type of cancer, metastasis, etc. |
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Term
| most common types of cancer (men and women) |
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Definition
breast (women) prostate (men)
lung
bowel |
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Term
| problems with cancer cells |
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Definition
cancerous cells don't do their work
steal your body's resources
interfere with other working parts |
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Term
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Definition
cause abnormal cell division
caused by chemicals, radiation, diet, heredity, viruses
not all mutations are bad |
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Term
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Definition
growth gene
stops cells from dividing |
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Term
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Definition
growth gene
causes cells to divide |
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Term
|
Definition
| skin or tissues that line or cover the organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| blood forming tissue, such as the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| cells of the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
non-cancerous
do not invade or metastasize |
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Term
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Definition
cancerous
invade
metastasize |
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Term
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Definition
| migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues |
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Term
| steps to becoming a "successful cancer tumor" |
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Definition
tumor growth
invasion
metastasis
angiogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
signs or symptoms
imaging/screening
biopsy
pathology test |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer cells invade other tissues, travelling through the blood/lymph systems, setting up satellite tumors in other organs |
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Term
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Definition
| tumors induce the formation of blood vessels so that it can create a source of oxygen and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
drug delivery systems
angiogenesis inhibitors
molecular-targeted therapies
hormone-targeted therapies
immunotherapies
bone marrow/stem cell transplant |
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Term
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Definition
best treatment
avoid smoking
exercise
don't drink excessively
wear sunscreen
balanced diet, f&v
maintain a healthy weight |
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Term
|
Definition
detect damage to DNA
may be able to repair depending on the type of damage, type and age of cell, and environment |
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Term
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Definition
molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules
neutralize oxidants
dark chocolate, milk chocolate, prunes, raisins, blueberries |
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Term
| three common treatments for cancer |
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Definition
surgery
chemotherapy
radiation |
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Term
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Definition
physically removes the cancer cells from the body
offers greatest cure if cancer has not spread
invasive
all cells must be removed, sometimes dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
chemicals that kill cells
targets dividing cells by interfering with the materials needed for cell division or replication, apoptosis
short-term effects: neuropathic pain, fatigue, nausea, decreased blood cell count, hair loss, mouth sores
long-term effects: damage to other organs, secondary cancers, nueropathic pain |
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Term
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Definition
targets dividing cells by damaging DNA to kill or slow the growth of dividing cells
short-term effects: fatigue, nausea, hair loss, swelling, damage to bone marrow
long-term effects: secondary cancers, infertility |
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Term
| advantage of newer treatments |
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Definition
| less invasive, target specific areas |
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Term
| adjuvant or alternative therapies |
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Definition
Gene Therapy
Hyperthermia
Lasers
Photodynamics |
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Term
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Definition
internal (implant)
external (radiation beams)
systemic (liquid that goes to where the cancer is) |
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Term
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Definition
drug enters and travels through body
take advantage of differences between cancerous and normal cells
not all cancer cells are different in the same way |
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Term
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Definition
inhibit growth of blood vessels that feed a tumor
side effects can eventually cause bleeding/clotting, wound healing, heart, immune function, and reproductive organs |
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Term
| molecular-targeted therapies |
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Definition
personalized therapy to the individual patient as well as the type of cancer
interfere with specific pathways |
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Term
| hormone-targeted therapies |
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Definition
remove organs that produce certain hormones
reduce the levels of certain hormones, as some cancers grow because of hormones |
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Term
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Definition
body's immune system fights the cancer
antibodies boost the immune system and attack specific parts of a cancer cell |
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Term
| bone marrow/stem cell transplants |
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Definition
transplants can replace damaged bone marrow, which makes blood cells
dangerous side effects |
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Term
| two most important contributors to public health in the last 100 years |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a microorganism which causes disease
bacteria, viruses, fungi |
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Term
|
Definition
small, single-celled microorganisms
most are not harmful |
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Term
| classification of bacteria |
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Definition
bacilli (rod-shaped)
cocci (spherical)
spirilla (spiral-shaped) |
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Term
| bacteria vs. mammalian cell |
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Definition
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Term
| ways bacteria cause disease |
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Definition
gain access to the body (airborne, skin, mucous)
release toxins which damage host cells
grow inside of host cells |
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Term
|
Definition
antibiotics
disinfectants
homeopathic agents |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
cell wall
ribosome
cell membrane
DNA
metabolic reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
biologic origin
chemically synthesized |
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Term
|
Definition
narrow spectrum agents (select group of bacteria)
broad spectrum agents (inhibit a wide range of bacteria) |
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Term
| side effects of antibacteria |
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Definition
kill off beneficial bacteria
upset stomach
diarrhea
secondary infections
allergic reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| bacteria which are not inhibited by antibiotics |
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Term
|
Definition
natura causes
societal pressures |
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Term
| what can you do to help fight resistance? |
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Definition
don't push antibiotics
complete your course of antibiotics
don't use products with antibacterials in them |
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Term
|
Definition
| a substance produced in one part of the body that travels through the bloodstream to another part of the body, where it has its effect |
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