Term
| organs of the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
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Term
| function of cardiovascular system |
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Definition
| transports nutrients, gasses, waste, and hormones throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
right side pumps to lungs (lower pressure)
left side pumps to body (higher pressure)
regulated by hormones and control from the Vagus nerve |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
white blood cells
proteins
platelets
water, ions, nutrients, and waste |
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Term
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Definition
arteries (high pressure)
capillaries (leaky)
veins (low pressure) |
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Term
| organs of the digestive system |
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Definition
liver
stomach
pancreas (exo)
small intestine
large intestine |
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Term
| function of the digestive system |
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Definition
| breaks down food and absorbs nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| organic salt that dissolves fat |
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Term
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Definition
| releases a strong base and enzyme that only work in a basic solution |
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Term
| how does the digestive system absorb food? |
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Definition
small int. absorbs nutrients and most water
lg. int. absorbs remaining water
portal vein drains all of the gut organs
liver processes all of the nutrients and cleans the blood of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stored temporarily in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| the creation of new glucose from fat and protein |
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Term
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Definition
operates independently of the CNS
controls smooth muscle movement to facilitate digestion |
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Term
| organs of the urinary system |
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Definition
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Term
| function of the urinary system |
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Definition
filters urea and toxins from the blood
maintains the salt and water balance of the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| small holes in the capillaries to help filter blood vessels |
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Term
| organs of the respiratory system |
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Definition
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Term
| function of the respiratory system |
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Definition
| allows blood to exchange CO2 and O2 with the air |
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Term
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Definition
air tubes which continue to split apart to supply all parts of the lung with fresh air in each breath
terminate at alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| balloon-like structures in the cells that expand and shrink with each breath |
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Term
| organs of the endocrine system |
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Definition
thryoid
parathyroid
pancreas (endo)
kidneys
adrenals
ovaries/testes |
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Term
| function of the endocrine system |
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Definition
| maintains healthy levels of the blood by controlling all of the organs with control molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| controls metabolic rate of the body with thyroxine |
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Term
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Definition
| releases adrenaline, which causes body-wide fight or flight response |
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Term
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Definition
| release estrogen and progesterone, controlling the menstrual cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| release testosterone, which causes masculinization of a human |
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Term
| organs of the lymphatic system |
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Definition
lymph
lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| function of the lymphatic system |
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Definition
drains back to the blood
filters extravascular fluid for debris
provides a route for immune cells to get back to the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| absorb fluid that is pushed out of the capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
densely packed with immune cells
activated once an immune cell encounters a threat in the extravascular space |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to lymph node dedicated to the blood rather than lymph cleans the blood from infections |
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Term
| organs of the reproductive system (male and female) |
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Definition
female: mammary glands, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
male: testes, penis |
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Term
| function of the reproductive system |
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Definition
to produce egg and sperm cells (gametes)
to transport and sustain gametes
to nurture developing offspring
to produce hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| released from the ovaries into the fallopian tubes finite number of eggs |
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Term
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Definition
constant production
haploid (only contain half of the necessary chromosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that transmit signals in the cell, and that can result in an effect on the body |
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Term
| types of cardiovascular diseases |
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Definition
arrhythmia
heart valve disease
endocarditis
heart pump failure |
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Term
| how is sugar regulated by the body? |
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Definition
pancreas produces and secretes insulin to lower blood sugar levels
pancreas produces and secretes glucagon to raise bood sugar levels
the liver is the main storage site for sugar (glucose) |
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Term
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Definition
the inability of the body to regulate its blood sugar levels
Type 1: juvenile onset
Type 2: adult onset |
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Term
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Definition
diet and exercise
blood sugar monitoring
insulin administration (injections or pump) |
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Term
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Definition
| irregular heart rate or rhythm caused by delayed or blocked electrical signal |
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Term
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Definition
atrial fibrillation (Afib)
bradycardia
tachycardia |
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Term
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Definition
anti-arrhythmics
anti-coagulants
cardioversion
pacemaker |
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Term
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Definition
| stabilizes/slows down electrical signaling and suppress abnormal rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
blood thinners
prevent clotting, which can obstruct blood flow and worse arrhythmias
reduces risk of heart attack/stroke
risk of excessive bleeding and improper wound healing |
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Term
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Definition
low energy shocks trigger a normal heart rhythm
outpatient procedure |
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Term
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Definition
| monitors hear rate and sends electrical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that transmit signals in the cell, and that can result in an effect on the body |
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Term
| types of heart valve disease |
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Definition
regurgitation (valve doesn't close all the way)
stenosis (valve doesn't open all the way) |
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Term
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Definition
vasodilators
anti-arrhythmics
valve repair surgery
valve replacement surgery |
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Term
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Definition
bacterial or fungal infection of the heart valve
common among drug users |
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Term
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Definition
heart is weakened and cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs
chronic disease requiring lifelong management |
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Term
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Definition
heart attack
high blood pressure
enlarged heart |
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Term
| symptoms of heart failure |
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Definition
shortness of breath
swelling in legs, ankles, and feet
rapid/irregular heart beat
chest pain |
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Term
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Definition
beta blockers
ACE inhibitors
diuretics
vasoldilators |
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Term
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Definition
| carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body |
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Term
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Definition
| carry deoxygenated blood back into the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| major site of gas exchange |
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Term
| types of vascular disease |
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Definition
atherosclerosis
coronary heart disease |
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Term
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Definition
buildup of plaque in arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle
over time, weakens heart muscle, resulting in heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| disease of the arteries in which fatty lesions develop on inside surface of arterial walls |
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Term
| vascular disease treatment |
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Definition
| cholesterol-modifying medications anti-coagulants angioplasty (surgery-balloon) stent (surgery-wire) bypass surgery |
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Term
| heart pump failure treatments |
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Definition
beta blockers
ACE inhibitors
diuretics
vasodilators |
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Term
| how are nutrients and oxygen absorbed into the blood? |
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Definition
| nutrients are absorbed into the blood from the gut in the small intestine oxygen is absorbed into the blood in the lungs |
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Term
| where are CO2 and NH3 released in the blood? |
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Definition
lungs release CO2, because it is a gas
ammonia is converted to urea, and urea is released from the blood into the urine in the kidneys |
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Term
| where are RBCs made and broken down? |
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Definition
made in the bone marrow
broken down (after 4 months) in the spleen |
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Term
| describe the path nutrients take when you swallow coffee. |
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Definition
stomach
small intestine
absorbed into the blood
passes through blood vessels
liver
right side of heart
lungs
left side of heart
kidneys, filtered into urine
ureter
bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| released by thryoid, controls metabolic rate |
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Term
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Definition
| released by adrenals, controls fight-or-flight response |
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Term
| estrogen and progesterone |
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Definition
| released by ovaries, controls menstrual cycles and release of eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| released by testes, controls masculinization |
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Term
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Definition
| released by pancreas, controls storage of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| released by pancreas, controls creation of glucose |
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Term
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| released by parathyroid, controls levels of calcium |
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Term
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Definition
| released by kidneys, controls production of new RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how drugs act on the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance other than food that has an affect on the body |
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Term
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Definition
man-made
natural
endogenous (within the body) |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between the amount of a drug it takes to elicit a response and the amount it can be harmful |
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Term
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Definition
| how long it takes for a drug to lose half of its effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum effect, no matter the dose |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of a drug it takes to produce a given effect |
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Term
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Definition
MOA
the way in which a drug produces a physiological effect through its binding to a receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| an endogenous molecule or exogenous drug that binds to a specific receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that transmits signals in the cell and can result in an effect in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that causes biological change |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that mimics a ligand and can cause the same response |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that binds to a receptor and blocks a ligand |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
break down
liver enzymes are responsible for metabolism of drugs |
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Term
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Definition
fast acting
open to let ions in or out |
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Term
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Definition
G-protein coupled receptor
slower acting
signal transduction cascade (domino effect) |
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Term
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Definition
ligand binding causes enzymatic reaction in the cell
causes signal transduction cascade |
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Term
| how do drugs, receptors, and cell types give us a variety of effects? |
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Definition
2 drugs 1 receptor
1 drug, 2 receptors
2 drugs, 2 receptors |
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Term
| how do side effects occur? |
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Definition
too much of a drug
off-target sites (i.e. two dif receptors)
ineractions (i.e. tylenol and alcohol) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
orally
nasally
intravenously
inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| immune reaction caused by a normally harmless environmental antigens |
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Term
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Definition
any foreign substance that can cause an allergic reaction
common allergens: rye grass, ragweed, penicillin, nuts, seafood, eggs, milk, bee venom, wasp venom, dust mites, mold spores, animal hair/dander, latex |
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Term
| symptoms of asthma attack |
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Definition
coughing
tight chest
wheezing
shortness of breath
blue tinge to skin/nails |
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Term
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Definition
allergic response that occurs at the point or area of contact
seasonal allergies, asthma, eczema, food allergies |
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Term
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Definition
| quick and sever whole-body reaction to a substance (anaphylaxis) |
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Term
| treatments for local allergies |
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Definition
antihistamines
decongestants
NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
steroidal anti-inflammatory
nasal corticosteroids
mast cell stabilizers
leukotriene modifiers |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic disease caused by either genetic or environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
genetic
environmental (exposure to air pollutants, viral respiratory infections) |
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Term
| characteristics of asthma attack |
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Definition
constriction
inflammation
obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of early childhood exposure prevents the immune system from developing the ability to distinguish between innocuous and harmful antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| found just below the skin and store granules of histamines which are released upon activation by allergen |
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Term
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Definition
protein stored in mast cells
causes blood vessels to dilate and smooth muscles to contract |
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Term
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Definition
mediate inflammation
triggers contraction of smooth muscles |
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Term
| types of asthmatic attacks |
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Definition
allergic asthma
intrinsic asthma (exercise or cold temperatures) |
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Term
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Definition
lifestyle (exercise)
medication (fast-acting or long-term) |
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Term
| systemic reaction treatment |
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Definition
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Term
| fast-acting asthma treatment |
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Definition
use within 30 min of asthma attack
drugs |
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Term
| long-term asthma treatments |
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Definition
nasal corticosteroids
mast cell stabilizers
leukotriene modifiers
hyposensitization therapy (allergy shots) |
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