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| Hemoglobin contains two types of polypeptide chains, Alpha and Beta, only the B chain is affected in persons with sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease. 239 |
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| Early investigators concluded that a gene is a segment of DNA that specifies the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide of a protein. 239 |
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| a gene doesn't directly control protein synthesis; instead, it passes its genetic information onto RNA molecules, which are more directly involved in protein synthesis. 240 |
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Definition
is a polymer composed of nucleotides.
contains A, C, G, and U (Uracil replaces the thmine found in DNA).
240 |
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Definition
| take a message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 240 |
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Definition
| transfers amino acids to the ribosomes. 240 |
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Definition
| along with ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes, where polypeptides are synthesized. 240 |
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Term
| Gene Expression (production of a protein) |
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Definition
requires two steps Transcrption and Translation.
240 |
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Term
| Transcrition and Translation |
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Definition
| during transcription, DNA serves as a template for the formation of RNA / during translation, mRNA is involved in polypeptide synthesis. 240 |
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| universal code that has existed for eons; specifies protein synthesis in the cells of all living things.241 |
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| each codon consists of three letters standing for the DNA nucleotides that make up one of the 20 amino acids found in proteins. except for the stop codons, all the codons code for amino acids. 241 |
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| defines the start of a gene, the direction of transcription, and the strand to be transcribed.242 |
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| the opposite end of the molecule contains an anticodon, a group of three bases that is complementary to a specific codon of mRNA. 244 |
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Definition
| Transfer RNA molecules bind with one parrticular amino acid, and the bear an anitcodon that is complementary to a particular codon - the codon for that amino acid. 244 |
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Term
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Definition
| String of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis. 245 |
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Term
| Translation (requires three steps) |
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Definition
| 1. Initiation - the step that brings all the translation components together (followin initiation, mRNA and the tRNA are at a ribosome), 2. Elongation - is the protein synthesis step in which a polypeptide increases in length one amino acid at a time (during elongatio, amino acids are added one at a time to the growing polypeptide), 3. Termination - is the final step in protein synthesis (during termination, the ribosome seperates into its two subunits and the polypeptide is released). 246-247 |
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Definition
| illustrates that the thrid position in a tRNA can be variable. 244 |
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