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| study of carbon compounds |
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| The () of a molecule often determines its function |
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| every grouping of a carbon bonded to four other atoms has a () shape |
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| When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, |
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| all bonds around those carbon are in the same plane. |
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| Carbon, with a valance of 4, can bond to various other atoms, including O, H, and N. Carbon can ansl bond to other carbom atoms, forming the carbon skeletons of organic compounds. (T/F) |
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| consisting of a carbon and a hydrogen |
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| Although hydrocarbons arent prevalent in living organisms, many of the cells organic molecules have hydrocarbon parts. (T/F) |
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| carbon skeletons of organic molecules vary in length and shape. (T/F) |
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| compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. |
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| What are the three types of isomers? |
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| structureal isomers, genetic isomers, and enentiomers. |
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| What's a structural isomer? |
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Definition
| differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms. |
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| What's a geometric isomer? |
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Definition
| same covalent partnerships, but differ int hewir spatial arrangements. |
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| Isomers that are mirror images of eachotehr. |
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| chemical groups effect molecular functions by being directly involved in chemical reactions. TF |
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| (-OH) hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen. The name of the compound are alcohols. It's polar (-) and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Don't confuse this with Hydroxide ions (OH-) |
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When an oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to an -OH. Entire assembly is a carboxyl group.
Compound: Carboxylic acid
An example is acetic acid.
It has acidic properties because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar.
Found in cells in ionized 1- form. |
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Term
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Definition
carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond.
Ketones if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is at the end of the skeleton
Acetone - Ketone
Propanyl - Aldehyde
Ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanyl.
Two groups also found in sugars. |
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Definition
A nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton.
Also called Amines. Glycine is an example.
Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution.
In cells, it's ionized with a charge of 1+. |
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Sulfer hydrogen bond.
Thiols
Cysteine.
To sulfhydrol groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This "cross-linking" helps stabilize protien structure.
Cross linking of cystines maintains curliness/straightness in hair. |
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Definition
Phosphorous bonded to four oxygen atoms.
Organic phosphates
Glycerol pgosphate provides the backbone for phospholipids, the most prevalent molecules in cell membranes.
Negatively charged. Can react with water. |
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1 carbon bonded to three hydrogen.
Methylated compound
An example is methylated cytinide.
Effects sex hormones and expression of genes. |
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| The carbon atom is tetravalent; this means that _____. |
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Definition
| a carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds |
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| Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons? |
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Definition
| Hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy |
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| Glucose and hexanoic acid each contain six carbon atoms, but they have completely different properties. Glucose is a nutrient found in food; hexanoic acid is poisonous. Their differences must be due to different _____. |
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| Which one of the following molecules has a carboxyl functional group? |
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Definition
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| Which of the following molecules is a weak acid? |
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Definition
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| Which of the following functional groups is associated with a release of energy that cells can harvest to perform many functions? |
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Definition
| Correct. Cleaving a phosphate group from ATP releases energy that is used to perform many cellular functions. |
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Definition
| The ionized or dissociated carboxyl group may be written as _____. |
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| What are the six most important chemical elements of life? |
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| Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, sulfur |
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