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Biol 1202 Final
Biology 1202 Final Ch. 35-38
86
Biology
Undergraduate 2
12/07/2010

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Term
Kingdoms
Definition
Bacteria
Archaea
Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
Term
Order of Kingdoms
Definition
[image]
Term
Monocots
Definition
one cotyledon, veins usually parallel, vascular bundles usually complexly arranged, fibrous root system (corn)
Term
Dicots (Eudicots)
Definition
two cotyledons, veins usually net like, vascular bundles usually arranged in a ring, taproot usually present (bean)
Term
Root hairs
Definition
extensions of epidermal cells, dramatically increase a roots surface area for absorbing water and nutrients
Term
Food storage
Definition
A function of all roots, but some are highly modified for storage (carrots).
Term
Aboveground (aerial or prop)
Definition
gives extra support
Term
Breathing roots
Definition
conduct oxygen to waterlogged roots
Term
Stolons
Definition
runners, are horizontal, wandering, aboveground stems
Term
Rhizomes
Definition
(edible base of a ginger plant) are horizontal, below ground stems
Term
Tubers
Definition
(Potatoes, yams) are the swollen ends of rhizomes, specialized for food storage
Term
Bulbs
Definition
Vertical, underground stems consisting mostly of swollen bases of leaves specialized to store food
Term
Tendrils
Definition
specialized branches that twist around structures to lend support
Term
Thorns
Definition
rigid, sharp branches that deter potential herbivores (especially mammalian browsers)
Term
Terminal buds
Definition
Generally exercise apical dominance over axillary buds
Term
Simple leaf
Definition
one leaf per axillary bud
Term
Compound leaf
Definition
Multiple leaves to one axillary buds
Term
Doubly compound leaf
Definition
Many compound leaves to one axillary buds
Term
Succulent leaves
Definition
Aloe vera, arid-adapted plants
Term
Where do undifferentiated meristematic cells occur?
Definition
in buds
Term
Parts of shoot system
Definition
Flower, terminal bud, node, internode, axillary bud, terminal bud of branch, vegetative branch, leaf (petiole, blade)
Term
Shoot system
Definition
Above ground, co evolution can occur (symbiotic relationship, obligate relationship (honey bees-the flower would die if the insect stopped feeding on it
Term
Parts of root system
Definition
Underground, stem, taproot, lateral roots
Term
Parts of root system
Definition
Underground, stem, taproot, lateral roots
Term
Daughter cells
Definition
When a cell divides it makes daughter cells and they may differentiate depending on where they are located during development
Term
Dermal tissue
Definition
Epidermis, generally a single cell layer that covers the plant, absorption in root system, water retention in shoot system, aided by waxy cuticle
Term
Vascular tissue
Definition
Xylem
Phloem
Term
Xylem
Definition
Transport water and dissolved minerals
Cells are dead at functional maturity
Term
Phloem
Definition
Transports sugars dissolved in water
Cells are alive at functional maturity
Term
Ground tissue
Definition
All non-epidermal, non-vascular tissue, three principal cell types: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Term
Parenchyma
Definition
Thin walled, live cells, perform most metabolic functions of plant: photosynthesis, food storage, synthesis and secretion (Potatoes)
Term
Collenchyma
Definition
Cells with unevenly thickened walls that lack lignin, alive at maturity, grouped into strands or cylinders to aid support without constricting growth (celery)
Term
Sclerenchyma
Definition
Very thick walls, hardened with lignin, dead at maturity, give strength and support to fully grown parts of the plant, fibers occur in groups, sclereids impart hardness to nutshells and the gritty texture to pears
Term
Root cap
Definition
zone of elongation
Term
Apical meristem
Definition
Produces three primary meristems: protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
Term
Primary growth in roots
Definition
The cells first elongate then mature and differentiate, protoderm cells become the epidermis, ground meristem cells become the cortex, procambium cells become the stele
Term
Pericycle
Definition
Outermost layer of stele, these cells retain meristematic capabilities, and can produce lateral roots
Term
Endodermis
Definition
Innermost layer of cortex, these cells regulate the flow of substances into the vascular tissues of stele
Term
Casparian strip
Definition
Disallows flow of substances except through the endodermal cells themselves
Term
Leaf primordia
Definition
Leaves arise from leaf primordia on the flanks of apical meristems
Term
Primary growth in shoots
Definition
Lengthens shoots from the tips, apical meristem produces three primary meristems: protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
Term
In shoots; axillary buds
Definition
could produce lateral branches, develop from islands of meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia
Term
Guard cells
Definition
Epidermal tissue surrounding stomata
Term
Secondary growth in stems
Definition
Girth growth
Term
Periderm
Definition
Cork cambium and cork
Term
Bark
Definition
All tissue outside the vascular cambium
Term
What is wood?
Definition
Secondary xylem
Term
Heartwood
Definition
No longer conducts water, but strengthens stem
Term
Sapwood
Definition
Conducts water and minerals
Term
Where do plants get nutrition?
Definition
Most from soil (minerals), water (hydrogen and oxygen), or air (carbon dioxide and oxygen), nitrogen and phosphorous limiting
Term
Acquisition of soil nutrients
Definition
Plants concentrate minerals inside their tissues, minerals kept in vascular cylinder (xylem and phloem), symbionts help get nutrients: Mycorrhizae, nitrogen-fixing bacteria help plant absorb nitrogen (NH3, N-)
Term
Acquisition of water
Definition
Osmosis, water moves from higher concentration to lower concentration
Term
How does water move up a plant against gravity?
Definition
Cohesion: of water molecules makes them stick together, resist being pulled apart.
Tension: water is pulled up.
Transpiration: water evaporates out of leaf stomata, leaf is "dry" so pulls water out of xylem, water leaving xylem pulls up the water behind it
Term
Transport of sugar
Definition
source and sink model, goes up and down can change direction
Term
Asexual reproduction
Definition
By fragmentation, either naturally (runners) or artificial (clippings)
Term
Sexual reproduction
Definition
Combines genes from 2 different parents, offspring genetically different
Term
Evolution of flowers
Gymnosperms
Definition
Wind pollination used for fertilization, insects: attract with food in form of pollen (protein rich) and female cones (sugar rich)
Term
Evolution of flowers
Abgiosperms
Definition
Flowering plants, developed 130 million years ago. Flowers attract pollinators
Term
Flowering structure
Definition
Parts evolved from leaves
Term
Complete flowers have how many parts?
Definition
4 parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
Term
Female flower parts
Definition
Carpels: Female reproductive parts composed of stigma, style, and ovary
Term
Male flower parts
Definition
Stamens: male reproductive parts, composed of filament and anther
Term
Sepals and petals
Definition
Sepals: sometimes colored, attractors, Petals: colored, patterned to attract
Term
Incomplete flowers
Definition
Lack one or more of the 4 parts
Term
Co-evolution of flowers and pollinators
Definition
Wind, animals: attracted by colors or scents, modification of tubes so only certain pollinators can access, ensure pollination is the goal
Term
Angiosperm gametophyte development
Definition
Develop inside sporophyte flowers, very small and parasitic (can't live on their own), pollen grains are the male gametophyte: 2 sperms, embryo sac: 7 cells (1 egg, 1 primary endosperm cell with 2 nuclei, 5 cells that degenerate)
Term
Pollination and fertilization
Definition
Pollen lands on carpel,tube grows from pollen down through carpel, 2 sperm go down tube to egg for double fertilization
Term
Double fertilization
Definition
1 sperm fertilizes egg to form diploid zygote, 1 sperm fertilizies primary endosperm cell to form triploid tissue (also going to be zygote food)
Term
Development of seeds and fruits
Definition
Triploid endosperm cell-endosperm, ovary-fruit flesh, integument-seed coat, zygote-embryo
Term
Function of fruit
Definition
Is to aid in seed dispersal: mechanical dispersal, wind dispersal, water dispersal, animals dispersal, bird dispersal
Term
3 parts of plant embryo
Definition
Hypocotyl (root), epicotyl (shoot), cotyledon (seed leaves; dicots have 2, monocots have 1)
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Parts of stem
Term
[image]
Definition
Phloem
Term
[image]
Definition
Xylem
Term
Different leaf types
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Thorns
Term
[image]
Definition
Tendrils
Term
[image]
Definition
Bulbs
Term
[image]
Definition
Tubers
Term
[image]
Definition
Runners
Term
[image]
Definition
Breathing plants
Term
[image]
Definition
Plant structure
Term
Difference between monocots and dicots
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Evolution of plants
Term
Development trajectories of a plant
Definition
Meristem cells: protoderm-epidermal cells (guard cells, leaf hairs, root hairs), ground meristem-parenchyma cell (stem pith cell, root cortex cell)-collenchyma cell (various types)- sclerenchyma (various types), procambium - Phloem and xylem
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