Nastic movements of climbing plants allow them to “search” for structures to support their growth.  When they “touch” support structures, that stimulus can cause them to begin twining growth around the support.  Such a response is an example of: 

Thigmotropism. 

-Shift to life cycle in which sporophytes become independent from gametophytes. 

-Sporophytes also have branches and bear multiple sporangia.

-The increased number of sporangia per sporophyte, increases the number of spores produced and probably enhanced dispersal.

Treacheary Elements

(vascular tissues)

Water conducting cells

Sleeve cells and Sleeve elements

(Vascular tissues)

Form part of tissue

(Vascular tissues)

Vascular Tissues

-Ground pines 

-Club mosses

-Quillworts

-Was especially common tree in coal swamp enviroments

-Over 100 species reconized in fossil record

Selaginella

(Resurection Plants)

-Several species of Selaginella are known as "resurection plants"  because they can persist through long periods of extreme aridity.

-One of the few vascular plants to have desiccation tolerance.

Resurrection Habit

-Are rich in oils, which serve as nutrient storage compounds.

-The oils are highly flammable and are the source of flash powder.

Whisk Ferns

(Psilotophytes)

-Two extant genera: Psilotum and Tmesiperis

-Each with 2-5 species

-Psilotum is geographically widespread in tropical and subtropical areas, whereas Temesiperis restricted to Australia and islands of South Pacific.

Psilotum

(like early polysporangiates)

-No fossil record

-Underground horizontal axis simmilar to aerial branches.

-Have rhizoids

-No roots, or leaves just enations

-lack chlorophyll and are mycotrophic

-Have fungus that lives inside cells of gametophyte

-Antheridia and archegonia are scattered over surfaces of gametophytes. 

-Largest of major land plant clades.

-Date to about 135 million years ago.

Rhizoids

-Slender, branched, tubelike cells or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground. Also found in fungi where rhizoids grow into the food supply and hold the fungus into place.

-A male gametangium of a bryophyte, fern, or other non-seed-producing plant; contains sperm produced by mitosis.

-A group of small non-flowering plants that evolved from alge-like ancestors  around 450 to 700 million years ago; mosses, horns and liverworts.

-A single celled or multi-cellular structure that produces gametes

-The Flask shaped female gametangium of a byrophyte or other non-seed-producing plant; contains one eggs produced by mitosis. Also found in some gymnosperms.

Horsetails

(Equisetophytes or Sphenophytes)

-Traced to early evolution of polysporangerates, dating over 350 million years ago.

-Found all over worldwide, except Austrailia, New Zealand and Antartica. Common in moist Habitats. 

-Some acumulate minerals (including gold). and the have been used by prospectors to indicate presence of minerals. Silica deposited in small knobs that protrude along the surface of plant.

-Sporophyte has underground rhizome and aerial axis.

-Leaves not photosynthetic; photosynthesis done by stems.

-Fossil record dates back 100million years

-Shoots often have relatively inconspicious stems relative to leaves.

-Shoot systems that have subterranean rhizomes are especially common in temperate regions.

They retain their spores to allow gametophyte development to occur in the sporophyte body.

a life cycle phenomenon that

involves the production of two different (microspores and megaspores) spore types via meiosis in a sporophyte.

give rise to unisexual gametophytes that form archegonia.  Form in sporangia called megasporangia.

A life cycle phenomenon that involves the

formation of the gametophyte within the confines of a spore wall.

All heterosporous plants are endosporous.

--Inside the microspores in the microsporangia.

--Pollen grains are male gametophytes inside of modified microspore walls.

Specialized stem tip where sporophylls (leaves that bear sporangia) are tightly aggregated.

Evolved in various vascular plants: Horsetails, lycophytes, and seed plants.

-complex strobili

-They have ovules attached to ovuliferous scales.

-Ovuliferous scales are positioned in the axils of bracts.

Integument

a sock-like covering that has a hole at the top (= micropyle).

Ferns

(Pteridophytes)

-Extant ferns include-300 genera and 10000 species

-Most diverse in tropics,epiphytes and treeferns com

-Shoots have inconspicious stems relative to leaves

-Shoot systems that have subterranean rhizomes are especially common in temperate regions.

-literally means, "naked ovule".

-I refers to the exposure of ovules to receive pollen during pollination.

An umbrella like structure covering a fern or Sorus of a fern leave.

--An outgrowth produced by a male gametophyte of pollen in the ovule of pine.

--grows through the megasporangium to an archegonium of the female gametophyte to deliver sperm.

--Having sperm delivered like this, it does not need liquid from the environment to aid in fertilization.

-A modified spore producing leaf found on flowers and cones and in some no seed producing plants.

Consists of integument in which cell walls have hardened to provide protection to the embryo.

Serves as nutritive tissue for developing embryonic sporophyte.

-Wind

-Water

-Animals

-A back bone-like line of cells with thickened walls surrounding fern sporangia; aids in spore dispersal. 

-In sporangium with mature spores, water is lost from annulus cells by evaporation.

-As water is lost from cell, walls of cell drawn toward each other because of strong adhesion of wall to water.

-Thin outer wall of sporangium collapses inward as thicker walls drawn together.

-Distorts annulus, ripping open sporangium.

-Tension in annulus prevents retention of distorted (walls together) possitioning of annulus and it springs back to original position.

-Spores hurled from sporangium.

-Gametophytes of most ferns are ephemeral and live for a few weeks to a few months.

-Leaves of Camptosorus, the walking fern serve in asexual reproduction.

-Submerged leaves: Salvinia serve in anchorage

-Leaves of Lygodium: Serve in climbing

-Leaves of the Epiphyte Platycerium, the Staghorn fern, serve in anchorage and gathering organic matter. 

Pollination

(Flowering Plant)

-In flowering plants as in all other seed plants, polinatio refers to the transfer of Pollen from microsporangia to the vicinity of the ovule.

Polination

(Gynosperms

-In Gynospermus seed plants, Polination results in the deposition of pollen directly on the ovule.

Polination

(Angiosperms/Flowering Plants)

-In angiosperms(flowering plants) pollination in the deposition of pollen on the carpel.

-The Carpel is a modified megasporophyll that encloses ovules.

-Pollen deposited on the stigma of the carpel can grow in the ovule.

-Transfer of pollen between genetically different individuals(=cross pollination) results in mixing genes of two parents

-This can increase genetic diversity in populations.

-Transfer of pollen from the stamens of a flower(or another flower of the same plant)

-Self-Pollination does not increase genetic  diversity.

Modes of Pollination

(Abiotic vectors)

-Pollination is mediated by Abiotic and Biotic Vectors.

-Abiotic Vectors include wind and water.

-Both modes of pollination associated associated with floral and pollen specializations.

Modes of Pollination

(Biotic Vectors)

-Pollination is mediated by Abiotic

and Biotic Vectors.

-Biotic vectors include various various kinds of animals, such as insects, birds, and Mammals.

-Both modes of pollination associated associated with floral and pollen specializations.

-Involves visits by animals to flowers to obtain some valued materials.

-Include foods, such as nectar, oil, or even pollen.

-During the visit to the flower, the animal becomes dusted with pollen that get transfered to the stigma when the animal visits another flower.

-Biotic Pollination is thought to have evolved from systems in which insects, especially beetles, foraged on the flower parts as they used the flower as a trysting place for larval development.

-The earliest floral fragrances were odors produced in response to wounds from foraging.

-Largest of the major land plant clades.

-Date to about 135 million years.

-Are often involved in relatively specialized pollination systems.

-Flowers often have sizes, shapes, and colors that fit bees

-Buzz pollination of a tomato flower

-Bird pollination

-Both butterflies and moths as pollinators.

-The butterflies and moths probe these corolla tubes with their long mouth parts to search for nectar that is usually produced at the base of the corolla. 

When all appendages are largely the same.

Appendages of undifferentiated perianth are called tepals.

Appendages can differ in form and structure.

Differentiated perianths usually defined as consisting of calyx and corolla.

--Encloses the rest of the flower during most of the development, providing protection.

--Other specialized functions of calyces are:

      --Pollinator attration by becoming petal-like and/or

                 secreting attractants (eg. fragrances).

      --Enhancing dispersal either through biotic and

                 abiotic vectors.  (eg. forming wings that

                 facilitate wind dispersal or forming showy

                 structures that attract animal dispersers.

Primarily to attract pollinators.

Can function alsoin guiding and positioning pollinators to accomplish effective pollination.

-Because carpels enclose ovules, pollen cannot be deposited directly on ovules as occurs among other seed plants.

-Pollen tube grows from stigma, through style, to ovule in ovary.

-Growth of pollen tube can be between cells of style or in hollow center of some styles.

-Directionally for pollen growth may be established by both sigma following pollination and by chemotrophic response of pollen tube to ovule secretions.

-Cells where pollen tube grows can be specialized, can be structurally differentiated and secretes mucilage into intercellular space.

-Located in flower between the perianth and carpels.

-region of flower called androecium.

-Described as consisting of filament and anther that bears microsporangia.

-Forms diversified in response to selection on pollen presentation and pollinator attraction/reward.

-Located at the distal end of the flower.

-Localized in the region called the gynoecium.

-Megasporaphyll that encloses ovules.

-Consists the following regions: Ovary, Stigma, and Style.

-Generally can be unified through syncarpy.

-Is a megasporangium surrounded by integuments.

-Located inside of ovaries.

all dioecious

Dioecy: having microsporangia and megasporangia on different indivdual sporophytes

Monoecy: having microsporangia and megasporangia on the same sporophyte

-Forms in the megasporangium of the ovule.

-As the ovule develops, it has only a single megasporocyte, which undegoes meiosis to form haploid spores...one of those spores forms a female gametophyte.

 GINKOS=REFER TO LECTURE # 13

INFORMATION IS VERY FUCKING POINTLESS

-Female gametophyte of angiosperms.

-Consists of 7 cells, among which there are 8 nuclei.

-In angiosperms, the embryo sac is much simpler than that of any other plants.

-An angiosperms the female gametophyte does not provide nutrition to the embryonic sporophyte.

-In flowering plants these are male gametophytes.

-Form from microspores in microsporangia of stamens.

-Dispersed at pollination from microsporangia to carpels.

-On carpels, the pollen tube emerges through thin area of pollen wall called the aperture.

extant group of three morphologically divergent genra

1:ephedra

2:gnetum

3:welwitschia

sporophtyes live up to 1500-2000 years

1:only form 2 leaves

2:inhabits destert with limited rain, 100 mm annually

3:gets nutrients from fog belts

-male cones have ovules

-production of pollination done through droplets

~280 MLA

-most refered to as 'evergreens'

Consists of at least one simple fruit that is intimately associated with other accessory parts that facilitate dispersal.

Also sometimes called FALSE FRUITS

-all woody plants

-has cholorplast but NOT photosynthetic

-either dioecious or monoecious

Simple fruits have walls that either dry or become fleshy as they mature.

This difference in fruit wall development is used in classifications of fruits.

-sporangia in male and female cones

-wind moves pollen

 -pollination droplets are used

The fruit wall

Peri=around. Carp=refering to carpel.

-Exocarp- Outer part

-Mesocarp- Middle part

-Endocarp- Inner part

-Can either be dehiscent (splitting open) or indehiscent (not splitting open).

-Open when they mature to release seeds.

-Seeds that have their own specialization for dispersal 

-In plants that have dehiscent fruits, seeds are commonly the primary dispersal strucutures.

Dispersal amount Angiosperms

(Other side of flashcard, directly copied from slide)

--Among the gymnosperms, seeds are always the dispersal structures.

--Among the angiosperms, either seeds or fruits are dispersal structures.

--Angiosperms that have dishiscent fruits usually rely upon seeds as the primarily dispersal structures.

--Angiosperms that have dry indehiscent and fleshy fruit aften use fruit as the primary dispersal strucuture.