Term
| destroy pathogen-infected and cancer cells by apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells are stimulated by cytokines, Fc receptor binding, and a variety of other receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NK cells work with ____ to clean up the apoptotic cellular debris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rapid, local response to damage or infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the inflammatory response, affected cells release ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 steps of the inflammatory response |
|
Definition
| cells release cytokines :: blood vessels dilate to increase flow & deliver more WBCs :: storage of iron in liver :: body temp raises |
|
|
Term
| immature macrophage that is transported through the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what point does a monocyte become a macrophage? |
|
Definition
| when it is released during chemotaxis |
|
|
Term
| the ____ system consists of numerous proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cascade of events in upon activation of complement |
|
Definition
| one set of complement proteins activates another set, which activates another set :: some proteins aggregate to form MAC (membrane attach complex) on the surface of the pathogen :: Activates adaptive immunity :: opsonization |
|
|
Term
| ___ pokes holes in a pathogen with porforins and causes fluid to enter due to change in water potential so the cell swells and bursts |
|
Definition
| MAC - membrane attack complex |
|
|
Term
| during opsonization, ___ coats the surface of invading pathogens and tags the cells for destruction by macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B cell antibodies and complement proteins |
|
|
Term
| where do dendritic cells reside? |
|
Definition
| places where pathogens invade - skin |
|
|
Term
| dendritic cells are part of which immune system/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells bind an antigen and ingest it by phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ layer is a non-specific barrier that surrounds all potential areas of bacterial entry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the first immune defense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins designed to break down bacterial cell walls. these are secreted by ____. |
|
Definition
| lysosymes -- epithelial tissue |
|
|
Term
| 3 things secreted by epithelial cells |
|
Definition
| lysosymes, mucus (to trap stuff), acids (hard env for bacteria to live in) |
|
|
Term
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd line of defense |
|
Definition
| epithelium/skin :: innate immune system :: adaptive immune system |
|
|
Term
| molecule on a foreign object that provokes an immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distinct molecular feature (shape or sequence) of an antigen that binds to an immune molecule -- turn, helix, etc of the antigen that binds to an immune receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antigens are usually ___ or ___ |
|
Definition
| proteins or polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| each ____ of an antigen can stimulate a different response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types and arrangements of macromolecules commonly used by pathogens but not mammals -- allow the body to recognize non-self molecules |
|
Definition
| Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) |
|
|
Term
| dsRNA, lipopolysaccharide, mannose-rich carbs, peptidoglycan -- examples of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| innate immune system recognizes ____ |
|
Definition
| PAMPs, not specific epitopes |
|
|
Term
| receptors on cells of the innate immune system that recognizes PAMPs |
|
Definition
| PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endocytic PRR - signals cell to become phagocytotic ::: signaling PRR - stimulates signal transduction that leads to change in gene expression to activate other parts of the immune system |
|
|
Term
| adaptive immunity uses ___, ___, and ___ to detect specific epitopes |
|
Definition
| T cell Receptors, b cell receptors, and MHC molecules |
|
|
Term
| ___ are growth factors (pleiotropic, protein/peptide-based) the primary signaling molecules in immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of the fact that cytokines are pleiotropic? |
|
Definition
| a single cytokine can have multiple effects on multiple different cells |
|
|
Term
| ___ are produced by cells in response to infection -- stimulates immune system to "start up" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when exposed to non-immune cells, stimulates cells to resist infection :: chemotaxis - movement in response to a chemical-- helps immune cells to find the source of infection :: activation of leukocytes :: disrupt viral replication |
|
|
Term
| type of cytokine (glycoprotein) that interferes wtih viral/bacterial replication and also performs all other cytokine activities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary control mechanism of the immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 components of innate immune system |
|
Definition
| leukocytes, inflammatory response, complement |
|
|
Term
| WBC use __ and __ to recognize foreign invaders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WBC that finds bacteria and engulf and destroy them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ present antigens to notify other cells about it after they've engulfed and destroyed a foreign cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first cell to appear at the site of infection and kill microbes by ____ |
|
Definition
| neutrophils -- phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WBC that operate by killing self cells that are infected by bacteria/virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do NK cells kill other cells? |
|
Definition
| make hole in cell by perforins, then introduce granzymes that induce apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| things that stimulate NK cells |
|
Definition
| cytokines, Fc receptor binding |
|
|
Term
| When dendritic cells capture a pathogen, they go through a morphological change... what happens? |
|
Definition
| they migrate to lymph nodes and act as APCs where they present foreign epitopes on MHC receptors to T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "runs for help" to alert adaptive immune system of infection |
|
|
Term
| lifecycle of a Dendritic cell |
|
Definition
| phagocytize pathogens --> present epitope of pathogen as APC --> die by apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| 2 parts of adaptive immune system |
|
Definition
| humoral (b cells) and cell mediated (t cells) |
|
|
Term
| 4 characteristics of adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
| specificity, diversity, memory, ability to distinguish self from non-self (innate can also do that) |
|
|
Term
| ___ are leukocytes with specialized surface receptors for specific epitopes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B/T cells recognize epitopes on intact antigens, B/T cells bind to epitopes of processed antigens attached to MHC proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are those that have not encountered an epitope that they can bind to yet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs when a naive lymphocyte binds to a specific antigen for the first time and producs clones of itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bind protein fragmentsinside a cell then present on the surface of a cell to T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Class __ MHC proteins are found on all cells and they present protein fragments that originate from inside the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Class __ MHC proteins are found on specialized APCs and present protein fragments only from phagocytized material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ T cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiation into activated cells and memory cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activated ___ T cells induce apoptosis in cells with the same specificity as first cell -- usually a viral-infected or cancer cel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ T cells respond to exogenous antigens that are taken up by an APC and then complexed with MHC class II proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 factors that affect diffusion in the circulatory system |
|
Definition
| distance, concentration, temperature |
|
|
Term
| the practical limit to diffusion (maximum distance at which diffusion can occur) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do animals have to use circulation instead of diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ transport blood away from the heart, ____ transport blood to the heart |
|
Definition
| arteries, veins ... (Arteries = Away) |
|
|
Term
| ___ connect arteries to veins and have thin walls for gas and fluid exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ can selectively regulate the flow of blood into capillaries. example of this? |
|
Definition
| precapillary sphincters -- when you're running, capillary sphincters in gut close and in legs open so you get the blood where you need it |
|
|
Term
| trace blood flow of pulmonary circuit |
|
Definition
| deoxygenated blood pumped to lungs from right ventricle --> gases exchanged in lung capillaries --> return to heart in left atrium |
|
|
Term
| Why cant we define veins and arteries in terms of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary circuit: arteries carry deoxygenated blood to lungs so it can be oxygenated, veins carry oxygenated blood back to heart to be pumped to the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| trace blood flow in systemic circuit |
|
Definition
| oxygenated blood is pumped to the tissues from the left ventricle --> gas exchange in tissue capillaries --> right atrium |
|
|
Term
| gas pressure in lungs v. tissues |
|
Definition
| Lungs: O2 is high, CO2 is low :: Tissues: O2 is low, CO2 is high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fraction of that gas in the total gas |
|
|
Term
| __ is the molecule that carries O2 in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains, non protein heme group (makes blood red), and iron atom that binds O2 reversibly |
|
|
Term
| hemoglobin is found in which blood cells |
|
Definition
| RBC - carrying O2 is the only function of RBCs |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the property of hemoglobin that when one chain binds an O2, it changes the structure of the whole molecule so the other chains will more readily bind O2 also |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| consequence of cooperativity in Hb |
|
Definition
| makes Hb very sensitive to change in PO2 |
|
|
Term
| __ is the graphical display of how Hb saturation (how many O2 are bound) changes with PO2 |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin equilibrium curve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| level at which 50% of the hemoglobin is saturated with O2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| resting v. exercising O2 levels |
|
Definition
| resting: 20% O2 in Hb delivered to tissues ... exercise: 70% of O2 delivered |
|
|
Term
| affect of pH and temp on affinity of Hb for O2. significance? |
|
Definition
| higher affinity = higher pH , lower temp :: during exercise, lactic acid builds up and lowers pH, also temp of body increases = Hb is more likely to release O2 to the muscles |
|
|
Term
| the effect that pH has on the affinity for Hb to bind to molecular O2 for any given PO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is fetal hemoglobin different than adult? |
|
Definition
| fetal has 2 gamma chains instead of beta, and it is left-shifted because it needs to saturate at a lower pressure bc the womb is a low O2 env |
|
|
Term
| left-shifted Hb equilibrium curve means Hb is saturated at a higher/lower pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Hb curve of a llama is right/left-shifted? |
|
Definition
| left - Low O2 env in mountains |
|
|
Term
| most CO2 is carried in the blood as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme found commonly in RBCs that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 reasons carbonic anhydrase is important |
|
Definition
| protons produced by the carbonic anhydrase rxn (CO2+H20-->H2CO3--->HCO3+H+) induce the Bohr shift ::: PCO2 of blood drops when CO2 is converted to H2CO3, which favors entry of CO2 into RBCs so Hb can bind H+ and buffer the blood pH |
|
|
Term
| what is the most critical thing that plants need to grow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photosynthesis makes sugars from __ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are extensions of epidermal cells that increase the surface area available for absorption and help the plant absorb water and nutrients from the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are minerals transported throughout a plant/ |
|
Definition
| ion pumps (active transport) |
|
|
Term
| dead tissue that conducts water and ions through hollow cylindrical cells arranged end-to-end to form a continuous tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| live tissue that conducts sugars from photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vessels v. tracheids in the xylem |
|
Definition
| vessels are arranged end to end to form a continuous tube. tracheids have tapered ends that overlap to form continuous tubes |
|
|
Term
| ___ are hollow, elongated cels with tapered ends that make up the phloem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leaf gas exchange occurs through ____, openings between two guard cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what controls the opening and closing of the stomata? |
|
Definition
| water content of the guard cells |
|
|
Term
| water/mineral transport occurs from __ to ___. Sugar transport is the opposite. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules through H bonding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| attraction of water molecules to other, non-water molecules through H bonding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solute potential - the measure of the osmotic strength of a solution, determined by solute concentration, predictrs the direction of water flow |
|
|
Term
| water always moves from areas of __ Ψs to areas of __ Ψs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as you add more solute to a solution, what happens to Ψs? |
|
Definition
| it lowers. pure water has Ψs=0, and that is as high as it goes. |
|
|
Term
| how do plants control the movement of water? |
|
Definition
| alter Ψs by adding solutes through the action of ion pumps |
|
|
Term
| ___ is passive, non-selective movement through cell walls and the space between cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the continuous route through cytoplasm and plasmodesmata (the tubes that connect cells) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membrane transport between cells and across the membranes of vacuoles within cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which route from epidermis to endodermis permits the greatest control (the one the plant "likes" best) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| band of cell wall material embedded with waterproof substances (suberin) that surrounds the endodermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ provides control of entry into the endodermis and thereby the xylem and phloem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| osmotic pressurein the cells of the root system created by the transport of ions that allows water to enter the xylem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does root pressure work? |
|
Definition
| it lowers the Ψs of the stele to push water into the xylem |
|
|
Term
| once inside the xylem, water is prevented from exiting by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does water get to the top of a tall plant? |
|
Definition
| it is pulled by TATC (transpiration adhension tension cohesion model) |
|
|
Term
| loss of water through the stomata occurs because the water potential of the atmosphere is low compared to plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transpiration - creates pull due to difference in water potential between atmosphere and plant :: cohesion - narrow vessels create pressure :: Adhesion - water binds to vessel walls |
|
|
Term
| water's path from roots to leaves follow the increasing/decreasing water potential in different parts of the plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| xylem water transport only goes which direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is transport in the phloem different from the xylem? |
|
Definition
| uses water potential/pressure to move fluid instead of TATC -- seive tube cells are alive so they can use energy for active transport |
|
|
Term
| which transport system uses the "source to sink" model |
|
Definition
| phloem - move from the source (where sucrose is made) to sink (where sucrose is needed) -- in spring, the roots/stems are the source and the leaves are the sink bc they need extra energy to grow |
|
|
Term
| the phloem/xylem acts as a closed system (like a hose connected at both ends) whereas the phloem/xylem acts as an open system (like a straw) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in photosynthetic areas (source) sucrose is made and is actively transported to the phloem, which lowers the Ψs of the phloem so water enters it which increases the pressure of the phloem --- this pushes the sucrose to the sink area and raises the Ψs of the phloem |
|
|
Term
| __ and __ are the two major control centers of the endocrine system |
|
Definition
| pituitary gland and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activation of nonendocrine targets |
|
|
Term
| indirect control by endocrine system |
|
Definition
| activate other endocrine glands which produces hormones that have a direct effect on another organ |
|
|
Term
| the ___ is a part of the CNS that is stimulated by nerve input to produce tropic hormones for the pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior (adenohypothesis) and posterior (neurohyopthesis) |
|
|
Term
| ___ hormones target other endocrine glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| norepineprhine is a ___... a neurotransmitter that is distributed by the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior (adenohypothesis) and posterior (neurohyopthesis) |
|
|
Term
| hormone production and release is often regulated by what body system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 characteristics of hormones |
|
Definition
| must be sufficiently complex to convey regulatory info to their target cells that isn't confused with other hormones :: must be adequately stable to resist destruction before reachign their target |
|
|
Term
| how and why do hydrophilic v. lipophilic hormones travel differently? |
|
Definition
| lipophilic: circulate in blood bound to proteins and then bind to cytoplasmic receptors -- hydrophilic: travel unassisted through blood bc blood is mostly water and bind to extracellular receptors |
|
|
Term
| a diverse group of fatty acids that are produced in almost every organ and regulate a variety of functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ are located just above each kidney and secrete catecholamine and steroid hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ is the inner part of the adrenal and responds to short term stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ is the outer part of the adrenal and it responds to long term stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the medulla secretes ___. how does this help deal with stress? |
|
Definition
| catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) -- have a positive feedback system (production of epinephrine causes more epinephrine to be produced) that helps body prepare for extreme efforts as part of the alarm response |
|
|
Term
| the adrenal cortex produces ___. how does this affect the stress response? |
|
Definition
| steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids) cortisol and aldosterone --- regulate homeostasis and mineral balance which causes water retention and weight gain during long term stress |
|
|
Term
| ___ are material that are not part of the cell but have been injested by the cell by phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of helper T cells |
|
Definition
| effector cells (mostly) :: memory cells to remember infection |
|
|
Term
| Th cells downregulate the immune system through ___. |
|
Definition
| cytokines -- they tell the immune system when to stop fighting the infection |
|
|
Term
| B cells activated through |
|
Definition
| direct binding of antigen |
|
|
Term
| once a b cell is activated it does what? |
|
Definition
| goes through clonal expansion to produce copies of itself & differentiate into plasma (fight infection by producing antibodies) and memory cells |
|
|
Term
| ___ are basically soluble forms of the B cell receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are b cells activated? |
|
Definition
| can activate itself but is often helped by a Th cell |
|
|
Term
| B Cells' immune response: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ig_'s are found as pentamers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the four chains of an antibody are held together by __ bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each Ig can bind __ copies of identical epitopes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ region is the binding site for the epitope on an antibody |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two properties of antibodies that allow them to bind multiple copies of the same epitope |
|
Definition
| agglutination and precipitation (see notecard) |
|
|
Term
| progression of blood flow through circulatory system |
|
Definition
| arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> veins |
|
|
Term
| 3 pathways that allow water to enter the root |
|
Definition
| symplast, apoplast, transmembrane |
|
|
Term
| source to sink model is called the ___ model |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main difference between paracrine signalsa nd hormones? |
|
Definition
| paracrine signals only work locally whereas hormones can travel throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| main control center for the endocrine system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of paracrine regulators |
|
Definition
| prostaglandins and growth factors |
|
|
Term
| ___ are fatty acids that regulate a lot of body functions that are not consciously regulated, like smooth muscle contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ immunity involves cells and molecules that circulate in immature or inactive forms and are only activated by stimulation from innate immunityor directly from pathogen detection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary signaling molecule of the immune system that is protein-based and serves multiple functions to signal multiple cell types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| any molecule that provokes an immune attack |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells |
|
|
Term
| when a naive B or T cell encounters a pathogen, what happens/ |
|
Definition
| it produces thousands of copies of itself (clonal expansion), each capable of fighting the specific type of pathogen the original naive cell encountered |
|
|
Term
| B cells that are not memory cells but participate in the immediate immune response are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the great diversity of T cell receptors and immunoglobulin achieved? |
|
Definition
| somatic mutation/rearrangement. Different pieces of VDJ segments are randomly selected and joined together with each other and with two units of the C segment. Because each unit of the VDJ segment is composed of a different sequence of nucleotides, it makes a different protein every time. |
|
|
Term
| how many diff types of gametes could be formed if we were keeping track of three different characteristics (3 segregating loci)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many different phenotypes are possible by keeping track of 4 different characteristics (4 segregating loci)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a protein were to interact wtih a phosphatase enzyme, what would be the likely affect? |
|
Definition
| it would have a phosphate taken away from it |
|
|
Term
| if a cell finished mitosis and cytokinesis then immediately entered the cell cycle again becuase levels of cyclin remained high from the previous round of cell division, what molecule would you suspect was not functioning properly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what determines the level of ploidy in a cell? |
|
Definition
| the number of homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| which of mendel's discoveries relied on experimentation using dihybrid rather than monohybrid crosses? |
|
Definition
| principle of independent assortment |
|
|
Term
| cross of true breeding parents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a trait varies over a continuous range, what model of inheritance would this trait possess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| damage or mutation to a gene that produces a multifunctional protein will likely have what type of inheritance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what model of inheritance results in the offspring exhibiting traits of both parents. ie: one parent has a big left ear, the other has a big right ear, the child has big both ears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the farther apart any two linked genes are on a chromosome, the more likely you can expect to... |
|
Definition
| underestimate the genetic distance |
|
|
Term
| one common solution to more accurately estimate genetic distances where multiple crossovers are suspected would be to... |
|
Definition
| use 3 genetic markers instead of two |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the enzyme responsible for putting together the fragments of the lagging strand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what function removes primers during DNA replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transversions v. transitions |
|
Definition
| substituting a purine (AG) for a pyrimidine (CTU) = transversion |
|
|
Term
| what type of error leads to aneuploidy |
|
Definition
| nondisjunction -- aneuploidy = wrong # of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| primary structure of proteins stabilized by ___ bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alpha helices and beta sheets stabilized by ___ bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what level(s) of structure are utilized in a protein that is made of a single polypeptide chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alpha helices and beta sheets stabilized by ___ bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what levels of structure are utilized by a protein that is made of a single polypeptide chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| combo of some but not all components of a protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| level of protein structure defined by its function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of ubiquitination of a protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is not a function of any membrane signaling receptors? activate G proteins :: initiate kinase cascade :: transport ions into a cell :: transport the signaling molecule into the cell :: bind to receptors on adjacent cells |
|
Definition
| transport signaling molecule into the cell |
|
|
Term
| most receptor enzymes are what type of enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| progression of stem cells. most potent to least. |
|
Definition
| totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent |
|
|
Term
| progression of transcription factors/genes that divide up embryos. |
|
Definition
| gap -- pair-rule (7 zones) -- segment polarity -- hox |
|
|
Term
| a mutation in cadherin proteins will affect what process? cell migration :: cell division :: necrosis :: cell differentiation/determinatino : cleavage |
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Definition
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Term
| afferent v effereent neurons |
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Definition
| afferent - organs to CNS :: efferent - cns to organs |
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Term
| if a neuron was depleted of ATP as an energy source and was not able to actively transport ions across the membrane, what feature of nerve biology would be directly affected? |
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Definition
| resting membrane potential |
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Term
| graded potentials have to do with ___-gated ion channels. action potentials have to do with ___-gated ion channels. |
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Definition
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Term
| normal sequence of evens during an AP (in terms of K and Na gates) |
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Definition
| Na activation gate opens (depolarization), Na inactivation gate closes (stop influx of na), K channel opens (repolarizaiton) |
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Term
| lower/higher pH = more O2 released from blood |
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Definition
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Term
| which are involved in transport of water and minerals from soil to top of tree? sieve tube cells, tracheids, vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of hormone responds to cytoplasmic receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| induce apoptosis in infected native cells |
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Term
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Definition
| precipitatin/agglutination, opsonization, preventing pathogens from progressing through their normal life cycle |
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