Term
| During which geological era did prokaryotes first appear? |
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Definition
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Term
| Biodiversity measures the degree of diversity such as and in: ___3___ |
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Definition
| 1. genetic variation; 2. species composition; 3. interaction btwn ecosystems |
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Term
| Species diversity measures _____2____. Its value is significant because__ |
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Definition
| 1. number of species, 2. relative abundance. The more diverse, the healthier |
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Term
| How many species on earth? estimate: _____; possible range: ___ |
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Definition
| 7 million; 3 - 100 million |
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Term
| ___% of all species are extinct |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ is the most diverse area on earth. High plant diversity is concentrated around ______; animal diversity varies (for e.g. amphibians are concentrated around ____, whereas the most diverse areas for mammals are ___. |
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Definition
| neotropics; the equator; the SE coast; the SW to SE coast |
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Term
| 2 Factors that control diversity are: ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Empirical data shows that when a sample area is doubled, the species diversity____ |
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Definition
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Term
| It is found that __ and ___ climates have the most org. diversity. The reason is unknown |
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Definition
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Term
| rank groups, from lowest to greatest diversity: _____(__%) etc. (6 listed). |
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Definition
1. arthropods (62%)
2. plants (17%)
3. molluscs
4. fungi,
5. vertebrates
6. protists, algae
7. worms |
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Term
| within arthropods, this group is the most diverse: |
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Definition
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Term
| Rank groups within vertebrates from most to least diverse: |
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Definition
| 1. Fish, 2. Amphibians, reptiles, 3. birds, 4. Mammals |
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Term
| There is bias in human understanding of diversity because |
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Definition
| we are inclined towards "charismatic megafauna", even though they make up <1% . research into taxonomy focuses more heavily on vertebrates |
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Term
| There are 3 measures of diversity, they are |
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Definition
| 1. numeric; 2. genetic; 3. functional (shape, size, behaviour) |
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Term
| This group has the most genetic and functional diversity |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotes include these 2 domains |
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Definition
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Term
| of the 3 domains, these 2 are the most related |
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Definition
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Term
| Some key differences between prokarya and eukarya lie in the __7__ |
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Definition
| 1. nucleus, 2. DNA, 3. organelles, 4. ribosomes, 5. cytoskeleton, 6. cell wall, 7. photosyn |
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Term
| Difference btween prokarya and eukarya nucleus |
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Definition
| P: no (nucleoid region), E: yes |
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Term
| Difference btween prokarya and eukarya DNA |
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Definition
| P: circular, 1 strand, maybe plasmids; E: linear chromosomes |
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Term
| Difference btween prokarya and eukarya ribosome |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference btween prokarya and eukarya organelles |
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Definition
| P: no membrane bound; E: yes |
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Term
| Difference btween prokarya and eukarya cytoskeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference btween prokarya and eukarya cell wall |
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Definition
| P: yes (some= peptidoglycan); E: some |
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Term
| Difference btween prokarya and eukarya ability to photosynthesize |
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Definition
| P: yes, some; E: yes some |
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Term
| 3 key dif between archae and bacteria |
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Definition
| Archaea have: 1. (many) monolipid cell membrane; 2. no peptidoglycan wall, 3. special lipids in cell membrane |
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Term
| Prokarya genetics: plasmids are ____ |
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Definition
| circular, extra-chromosomal DNA (replicates independently); easily exchanged during sex |
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Term
| If prokarya have no membrane bound organelles, how do they facilitate 1. cell. respiration, 2. photosynthesis as membranes are integral to both processes |
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Definition
| highly folded cell membrane for aerobic respiration; for photosyn, highly folded thylakoid membrane |
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Term
| Since prokarya have no nucleus, ___ and ____ occur simultaneously. The advantage of this is ______ (in the e.g. of ecoli___) |
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Definition
| transcription; translation; that growth and reproduction is fast (ecoli = 20 minutes for new gen) |
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Term
| Bacteria can be classified in 4 ways: |
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Definition
| 1. unicellular or colonial; 2. shape; 3. gram staining; 4. genetics |
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Term
| name the 3 dif shapes of bacteria and their scientific names |
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Definition
| 1. cocci- circles, 2. spirilli - spirals (ie helical), 3. bacilli - rods |
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Term
| Gram staining in bacteria refer to testing the presence of ___. Gram positive refers ___ and shows up in the color___. Gram negative bact shows up in the color ____. Gram ___ bacteria are the most difficult to treat |
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Definition
| peptidoglycan (sugar, A. Acids); presence of petidoglycan;purple; pink; negative |
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Term
| Prokarya can produce both asexually and sexually. The asexual process is called _____. Sexually they can produce via __3__ |
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Definition
| binary fission; 1. conjugation (sex pilus); 2. translation (absorbing DNA); 3. transduction (bacteriophage) |
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Term
| Homeostasis can mean responding to a harsh environment, and/ or moving in response to a chemical signal (chemotaxis). These 2 structures can be formed in response to a harsh environment: ____. Chemotaxis is peformed via structures called ____. Prokarya can also ___2____ to move. The presence of _____ can help them stay afloat |
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Definition
| endospores, biofilms; flagella; glide, roll; gas vesicles |
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Term
| Endospores allow prokarya to maintain ______ form for up to 100 years (e.g ____) |
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Definition
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Term
| biofilms are ____ gels that can consist of layers and hundreds of ____. They are used to trap ___ and ____. e.g. are ____2__ |
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Definition
| polysaccharide; cells; cells; debris; plaque; stromatolites |
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Term
| Prokarya are very diverse in metabolizing due to __2_ |
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Definition
| 1. diverse habitats; 2. long evolutionary history |
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Term
| Bacteria are capable of metabolizing ___3___ |
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Definition
| 1. light, 2. inorganic matter, 3. organic matter |
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Term
| Photoautotrophs: not all produce O2, some produce _____. These bacteria use different pigments to _____ |
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Definition
| Sulfur; absorb different wavelengths of light |
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Term
| anaerobes are _____. There are 3 types: (define them) |
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Definition
| organisms that do not use O2 to cellular respire, ATP is made in fermentation; 1. obligate anaerobe: cannot use O2; 2. aerotolerant - can use but does not, 3. facultative - will use O2 when present |
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Term
| Which is evolutionarily older? Aerobes or anaerobes...why? |
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Definition
| anaerobes b/c earth = more recently had the O2 atmosphere |
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Term
| chemoheterotrophs consume ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| chemoheterotrophs serve 3 roles : |
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Definition
| 1. decomposters; 2. pathogens; 3. symbiotic organisms |
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Term
| decomposers are essential for ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| most prokaryotes share a symbiotic relationship with other organisms. E.g. : vit ___; digestion: |
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Definition
| K (production of, important for blood clotting); of cellulose |
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Term
| a small number of bacteria are pathogenic: these are categorized into 2 : ___; |
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Definition
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Term
| endotoxins are less deadly b/c they ____. e.g. are ___. Unlike exotoxins which: ____ e.g. are __ |
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Definition
| excrete toxins in their outer membrane;salmonella, ecoli; secrete toxins; tetanus, botulism |
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Term
| Symbiotic bacteria include _____ which turn ___ into ____. Concentrated in the roots of ____ |
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Definition
| nitrogen-fixing bacteria; N2: NH3; legumes |
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