Term
| 3 parts of a neuron and flow of signals. |
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Definition
| dendrites collect signals --> cell body --> axon |
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Term
| signals that move down the length of a neuron are _____, signals that travel between neurons are ____. |
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Definition
| electrical (ionic) ;;; chemical |
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Term
| current in a neuron depends on flow of what? |
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Definition
| ions -- sodium and potassium |
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Term
| concentration of sodium ions is greatest inside/outside the axon |
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Definition
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Term
| in an unstimulated axon, how does sodium move? |
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Definition
| tiny inward leak via diffusion, although Na channels are closed |
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Term
| concentration of potassium is greatest inside/outside the axon? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does potassium move in an unstimulated neuron? |
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Definition
| potassium leak channels ... although the excess of Cl- ions and negatively charged proteins inside the axon draw K+ ions back in |
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Term
| the unchanging membrane voltage associated with the polarized, unstimulated membrane of an axon is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is the sodium leak of ions into the axon overcome? |
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Definition
| sodium/potassium pump - push sodium out and bring potassium into the axon |
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Term
| what happens if the sodium/potassium pump stops working? |
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Definition
| the inner and outer concentrations of each ion become equal, no net ion flow occurs, and the neuron stops functioning |
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Term
| the membrane of an axon is polarized... which side is negative and which is positive? |
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Definition
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Term
| for an axon to create an action potential, it must be _____. |
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Definition
| depolarized -- become positively charged on the inside |
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Term
| how does a membrane depolarize? |
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Definition
| influx of sodium ions due to a sufficiently intense stimulus |
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Term
| how does a membrane repolarize after an action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| during an AP, there is more Na+ on the inside of the ion than there should be and there's more K+ on the oustide than should be. How is this fixed after the AP passes? |
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Definition
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Term
| for a given neuron of a given environment, all APs are alike |
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Definition
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Term
| what makes an AP in one kind of neuron propagate faster than one in another neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| the axon of a neuron in a nerve is called a ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| what nerve is used in labs to do nerve studies? |
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Definition
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Term
| parts of nerve stimulation experiment equipment |
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Definition
| oscilloscope (counts # of nerve signals arriving at the recording electrode), nerve chamber with nerve, stimulator |
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Term
| a ___ is the sum of the signals transmitted by several neurons |
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Definition
| compound action potential |
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Term
| each peak on the readout from the oscilloscope of the nerve lab represents what? |
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Definition
| a compound action potential -- sum of APs from several nerves w/ the same conduction speed |
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Term
| given data from the nerve experiment, how do you calculate conduction speed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does the chemical tetrodotoxin (TTX) have on nerve signals and why? |
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Definition
| abolishes nerve signals -- takes effect after about 5 min -- blocks Na channels so the membrane cannot depolarize and APs can't happen so signal transmission is lost |
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Term
| what are the effects of ether on nerve signals and why? |
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Definition
| lost signal after about an hour -- membrane swells and squeezes the ion channels so molecules cant get through so membrane wont depolarize and APs wont happen |
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Term
| What are the effects of ouabain on nerve signals and why? |
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Definition
| signal transmission lost after about 25 hrs -- Na/K pumps dont work so membrane wont depolarize properly and transmission will eventually be lost, however Na channels do work so the drug doesnt take effect until the Na gradient is degraded |
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Term
| what effects do novocain have on nerve transmission and why? |
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Definition
| signal transmission lost from pain receptors due to blocking of Na channels, thus is causes AP propagation to slow in sensory nerves but not in muscle neurons bc the sensory axons are much thinner than those in muscles. |
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Term
| if it says "tracheophyte" what is it talking about? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 types of transport systems in tracheophytes |
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Definition
| xylem - transports water and dissolved substances upward from roots. ::: phloem - transports organic compounds manufactured by the plant (sugars, amino acids) up and down within the organism |
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Term
| flow of fluids in the xylem and phloem depends primarily on what? |
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Definition
| differences in water potential |
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Term
| the ___ ventricle sends blood to the lungs and the ___ ventricles sends blood to the rest of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| unidirectional blood flow through the heart is governed by ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| specialized heart tissue called the _____ attach to the flaps of the heart valves to keep them from being pushed up into the atria |
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Definition
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Term
| what creates the "lub" sounds of the heart |
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Definition
| blood turbulence created by the cuspid valves closing |
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Term
| what causes the "dub" sounds of the heart? |
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Definition
| clsing of the semilunar valves (pulmonary on right, aortic on left) |
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Term
| the first, higher number of blood pressure is the ____ pressure and is a measure of what? |
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Definition
| systolic - force of blood against the brachial artery wall when the ventrical contracts |
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Term
| the second, lower number of blood pressure is the ___ pressure and is a measure of what? |
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Definition
| diastolic, measure of the force of blood against the brachial artery wall when the left ventrical relaxes |
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Term
| when the __ node depolarizes, it stimulates the muscles of the atria to contract |
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Definition
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Term
| when the __ node depolarizes, it is delayed momentarily to allow for the blood to be completely emptied from the atria and then the signal is sent on to specialized conducting tissues called ____, which pass the signal to cause ventricular muscle to contract |
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Definition
| AV node - purkinje fibers |
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Term
| how does a heart keep beating due to electrical events/ |
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Definition
| when the ventricles depolarize, the atria repolarize so they can beat again |
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Term
| given elapsed time on a computer readout, how do you get heart rate in beats per minute? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ plants are those that have internal transport systems |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| water and nutrients travel from the soil inward toward a central cylinder of cells that is bounded by the edodermis caled the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| water in a monocot root moves inward, why? |
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Definition
| bc the water potential in the soil is greater than that in the stele |
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Term
| water moves from areas of ___ potential to areas of ___ potential |
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Definition
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Term
| diff between monocots and eudicots |
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Definition
| monocots = veggies, plants .... eudicots = trees, woody things |
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Term
| how is plant growth controlled? |
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Definition
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Term
| Indoleacetic acid (IAA) is what type of hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do auxins do to a plant? |
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Definition
| stimulate cell elongation |
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Term
| what kind of hormone is kinetin? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do cytokinins do to a plant? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is IAA produced? where is kinetin produced? |
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Definition
| IAA - growing apex of plant and transported down to lateral buds :: kinetin - roots |
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Term
| in the plant hormone lab, the carbowax contained which horomone? the lanolin paste contained which hormone? |
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Definition
| lanolin - IAA, carbowax - kinetin ;;; each may or may not have contained the hormone depenedning on which treatment you got |
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Term
| ___ is a process that involves movemtn of molecuels in a solution |
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Definition
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Term
| under most conditions, water is at its highest concentration when it is ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 things that determine which way water will move through a semipermeable membrane in nature? |
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Definition
| solute concentration and pressure |
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Term
| ____ is a quantity thaat takes into account both the effects of solutes in water and pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 things that determine which way water will move through a semipermeable membrane in nature? |
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Definition
| solute concentration and pressure |
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Term
| water potnetial is the measure of the chemical potential of water in terms of ___ per mole of water |
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Definition
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Term
| water always move from high/low psi to high/low psi |
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Definition
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Term
| the highest posible value for solute potential is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| solute potential and solute concentration have a ___ relationship |
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Definition
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Term
| as ___ builds iup in a cell, the cell becomes turgid and water is unable to enter |
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Definition
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Term
| when does a cell become turgid (net water diffusion inward stops)? |
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Definition
| when psi of the cell equals the psi outside the cell |
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Term
| animal/plant cells can lyse |
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Definition
| animal -- plant cells dont bc they have cell walls |
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Term
| in the osmosis lab, solutions whose psi was greater/less than the psi of the potato allowed water to flow into the potato |
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Definition
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Term
| potato cell lost weight after it was put in solution -- what can be said about the psi of the solution? |
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Definition
| it was less than the psi of the potato |
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Term
| in the osmosis lab, sucrose solutions with lower/higher molarity caused the potato cells to shrink in mass |
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Definition
| higher -- bc they had greater solute potential and therefore less water potential |
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