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BIOL 111 CHAPTER 20
Biotechnology
51
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/02/2009

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Term
in __ __ nucleotide sequences from teo different sources, often two species, are combined in vitro into teh same DNA molecule
Definition
recombinant DNA
Term
Genetic engineering
Definition
the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
Term
biotechnology
Definition
the manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products
Term
microarry
Definition
an example of dna tech, a measurement of gene expression of thousands of different genes
Term
plamids
Definition
small circular dna molecuels that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome
Term
Gene cloning
Definition
involves using bacteria to make multiple copies of a gene
Term
restriction enzymes
Definition
cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequenes
Term
where do restriction enzymes cut dna?
Definition
restriction sites
Term
restriction fragments
Definition
results of restriction enzyme cuts
Term
sticky ends
Definition
when enzymes cut dna in a staggared way, they produce sticky ends.  sitcky ends bond with coplementary sticky ends of other fragments
Term
dna ligase
Definition
enzyme that seals the bonds between restriction fragments
Term
cloning vector
Definition
original plasmid in gene cloning.  a dna molecule tha tcan carry foreign dna into a host cell and replicate there
Term
steps required to clone the humming bird (beta)-globin gene in a bacterial plasmid
Definition
  1. the hummingbird genomic dna and a bacterial plasmid are isolated
  2. both are digested with the same restriction enzyme
  3. the fragments are mixed, and dna ligase is added to bond the fragment sticky ends
  4. some recombinant plasmid now contain hummingbird dna
  5. the dna mixture is added to bacteria that have been genetically engineered to accept
  6. the bateria are plated on a type of agar that selects for bacteria wtih recombinant plamids
  7. this reults in the cloning of many hummingbird dna fragments, including the (beta) globin gene
Term
genomic library
Definition
a set of cell clones containing all the dna segments from a genome, each within a plasmid, phage or other cloning vector
Term
Bacterial artificial chromosome
Definition
BAC is a large plasmid that has been trimmed down and can carry a large dna insert.  they are another type of vector used in dna library construction
Term
complementary dna
Definition
made by cloning dna made in vitro by reverse transcription of all the mRNA produced by a particular cell
Term
cDNA library
Definition
represnets only part of the genome only the subset of genes transcribed into mRNA in the original cells
Term
nucleic acid probe
Definition
in dna technology a single stranded nuclueic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample.  molecules of a probe hydrogen bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; readioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected
Term
nucleic acid hybridization
Definition
the process of base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule
Term
yeast artificial chromosomes
Definition
a cloning vector that combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome (an origin for dna replication, a sentromere, and two telomeres) with foreign dna
Term
electroporation
Definition
a method of introducing recombinant dna into eukaryotic cells that applies a brief electrical pulse to create temporary hole in plasma membranes
Term
polymerase chain reaction
Definition
pcr can produce many copies of a specific target segment of dna
Term
this three step cycle of __ __ and __ brings about a chain rxn that produces an exponentially growing population of identical dna molecules
Definition
heating, cooling, replication
Term
dna cloning allows researches to ... (3)
Definition
  1. compare genes and alleles between individuals
  2. locate gene expression in a body
  3. determine the role of a gene in an organism
Term
gel electophoresis
Definition
indirect method of rapdily analyzing and comparing geneome using a gel as a molecular sieve to seperate nucleic acids or proteins by size.  a current is applied that causes charged molecules to move throught the gel, and these molecules are sorted into bands by their size
Term
restriction fragment analysis
Definition
in restriction fragment analysis, dna fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion of a dna molecule are sorted by gel electrophoresis
Term
southern blotting
Definition
combines gel electrophoresis of dna fragments with nucleic acid hybridization.  indentifies dna fragments
Term
relatively short dna fragments can be sequenced by this method
Definition
dideoxy chain termination method
Term
modified nucleotides called __ attach to synthesized dna strands of different lengths
Definition
dideoxyribonucleotides
Term
changes in expression of a gene during embryonic development can be tested using... (2)
Definition
  1. northern blotting
  2. reverse transcriptase - pcr

both methods are used to compare mrna from different developmental stages

 

Term
northern blotting
Definition
combines gel electrophoresis of mRNA followed by hybridization with a probe on a membrane
Term
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
Definition
RT-PCR a tech ufor determining expression of a particular gene.  it uses reverse transcriptase and dna polymerase to synthesize cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample and then subjects the cDNA to PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene of interest
Term
in situ hybridization
Definition
uses fluorescent dyes attached to probes to identify the location of specifi mRNAs in a place in the intact organism
Term
dna microarray assays
Definition
compare patterns of gene expressions in different tissues, at different times, or under different conditions
Term
in vitro mutagenesis
Definition
mutations introduced into a cloned gene or altering or destroying its function
Term
rna interference
Definition
silences gene expression
Term
totipotent
Definition
a cell that can generate a complete new organism
Term
stem cell
Definition
relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types
Term
embryonic stem cells
Definition
stem cells isolated from early embryos at the blastocyst stage.  these are able to differntiate into all cell types
Term
what is the aim of stem cell research?
Definition
to supply cells for the repair of damaged or diseased organs
Term
single nucleotide polymophisms
Definition
snps are genetic markers.  they are single base pair sites that vary in population. 
Term
restriction fragment length polymorphism
Definition
RFLP snps in dna frags with different lengths
Term
gene therapy
Definition
alteration of an afflicted individuals genes
Term
synthesis of small molecules for use as drugs
Definition
the drug imantinib is a small molecule that inhibits overexpression of a specific leukemia causing receptor.
Term
protein production in cell cultures
Definition
host ells in culture can be engineered to secrete a protein as it is made.  this is useful in the production of insulin, human growht homones and vaccines
Term
protein production by "pharm" animals and plants
Definition
transgenic animals are made by introducing genes from one speices into teh genome of another animal.  these animals are pharmaceuticla factories, producing large amounts of otherwise rare substances for medical use  pharm plants are also being developed ot make human proteins for medical use
Term
transgenic
Definition
pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species
Term
genetic profile
Definition
an individuals unique dna sequence.  can be obtained by tissue or body fluids
Term
short tandem repeats
Definition
strs whichare variations in the number of repeats of dna sequences
Term
ti plasmid
Definition
most commonly used vector for introducing genes into plant cells
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