Term
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Definition
| a segment of dna that acts as a regulatory switch for a cluster of functionally related genes usually positioned within the promoter |
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Term
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Definition
| entire stretch of dna that includes teh operator, the promoter and the genes that they control |
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Term
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Definition
| switches off operon and prevents gene transctritption by binding to the operator and blocking rna polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or goupr of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off |
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Term
| give an example fo a repressible operon, an operon that is usually on |
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Definition
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Term
| inducible operons. give an example |
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Definition
| an operon that is usually off. lac |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule that inactivates the repressor |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that binds to dna and stimulates gene transctiption. in prokayotes activators bind in or near the promoter; in eukaryotes, activators bind to control elements in enhancers |
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Term
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Definition
| a regulator in some bacterial operons. when glucose is scarce, CAP is activated by binding with cAMP |
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Term
| differential gene expression |
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Definition
| the expression of different genes by cells with the same geonome |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire stretch of dna that includes teh operator, the promoter and the genes that they control |
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Term
| in __ __, acetyl groups are attached to positively charged lysines in histone tales |
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Definition
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Term
| this process loosens crhomaitn structure, thereby promoting the initiation of transcription |
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Definition
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Term
| the addition of __ groups (__lation) can condense chromatin; the addition of __ groups (__lation) next to a methylated amino acid can loosen chromatin |
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Definition
| methyl groups. methylation; phosphate groups, phosphorylation |
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Term
| in __ __ methylation regulates expression of either the maternal or parental alleles of certain genes at the start of development |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| segments of noncoding dna that help regulate transcription by binding certain proteins |
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Term
| where are proximal control elements located? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are distal control elements located? |
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Definition
| distal control elements or enhancers may be far away from a gene or even located in an intron |
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Term
what are activators and what do they do?
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Definition
| they are a protein that binds to an enhancer and stimulates transcription of a gene and can cause mediator proteins to interact with proteins at the promoter |
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Term
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Definition
| different mrna molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which rna segments are treated as exons and which as introns |
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Term
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Definition
| giant protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them |
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Term
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Definition
| small single stranded RNA molecules that bind to m RNA. these degrade mRNA or block its translation |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon of inhibition of gene expression by RNA moleucles |
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Term
| RNA interference is caused by __ __ __ (__) |
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Definition
| small interfereing RNAs (siRNAs) |
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Term
| how are siRNAs and miRNAs different? |
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Definition
| they form from different RNA precursors |
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Term
| how are cell types organized in embryonic development |
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Definition
| cell types are organized into tissues, organs, organ systems, and teh whole organism |
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Term
| the transformation from zygote to adult results from __ __, __ __, and __ |
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Definition
| cell division, cells differentiation, and morphogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function |
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Term
| the physical processes that give an organism its shape constitute __ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maternal substances in the egg that influence early development |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells |
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Term
| __ commits a cell to its final fate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the molecular cues that contrl pattern formation, ells a cell its location relative to teh body axes and to neighboring cells |
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Term
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Definition
| embryos with lethal mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that encode for cytoplasmic determinants that initially establish the axes of the body of drosophila |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that control orientation of the egg and consequently the fly |
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Term
| different axes of the body |
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Definition
| dosal, ventral; left right; anterior posterior; distal proximal |
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Term
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Definition
| gene that affects the front half of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| substances in the gradient hypothesis that establish an embryos axes and other features |
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Term
| why is bicoid research important? |
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Definition
- it identified a specific protein required for some early steps in pattern formation
- it increased understanding of the moths role in embryo development
- it demonstrated a key developmental principle that a gradient of molecules can determine polarity and position in the embryo
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| corresponding normal cellular genes that are responsible for normal cell growth and division |
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Term
| proto oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes by: |
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Definition
- movement of dna within the genome: if it ends up near an active promoter, transcription may increase
- aplification of a proto oncogene: increases the number of copies of the gene
- point mutations in proto oncogenes or its control elements: causes an increase in gene expression
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Term
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Definition
| genes that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth |
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Term
| what do tumor suppressor proteins do? |
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Definition
- repair damaged dna
- control cell adhesion
- inhibit the cell cycle in the cell signaling pathway
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Term
| mutations in the __ __ can lead to production of a hyperactive __ protein and increased cell division |
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Definition
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Term
| mutations in the __ __ prevent suppression of the cell cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| mutations in the __ or __ gene are found in at least half of inherited breast cancers |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the adaptive advantage of grouping bacterial genes into an operon |
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Definition
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Term
Explain how DNA methylat ion and histone
acetylat ion affect chromat in st ructure and
the regulat ion of t ranscript ion |
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Definition
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Term
Define cont rol elements and explain how
they influence t ranscript ion |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the roles played by small RNAs
on gene expression |
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Definition
| they degrade of prevent the translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequnces. in some cases they can also block transcription by promoting chromitin modification |
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Term
Explain why determinat ion precedes
differentiation |
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Definition
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Term
Explain how maternal effect genes affect
polarity and development in Drosophila
embryos |
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Definition
| when a mother has a mutation in a maternal effect gene, (mutant in mother gene results in mutant in offspring regardless of offspring's own genotype) she makes defective eggs that when fertilzed develop improperly. maternal genes control the orientation or polarity of the the egg. |
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Term
Explain how mutations in tumor suppressor
genes can contribute to
cancer |
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Definition
| since the proteins the they encode help prevent uncontrolled growth, any mutation that decreases the normal activity of tumor suppressor protein may contribute to the onset of cancer. stimulation of growth through the absence of suppression |
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Term
Describe the effects of mutations to the
p53 and ras genes |
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Definition
| mutations in the ras gene can lead to excessive cell growth. the protein p53 encodes for teh synthesis of cell cycle inhibition proteins. when p53 is knocked out cells divide too much . |
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Term
inducible enzymes usually function in __ pathways
repressible enzymes usually funcing in __ pathways |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transcription, translation, rna/proteinprocessing transpot to cytoplasm / cellular destination, chromatin modification |
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