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Biol 1102 Animal Reproduction
For non Bio-Majors
40
Biology
Undergraduate 1
06/29/2011

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Term
What is Asexual Reproduction?
Definition
Reproduction without sex. DNA comes from one individual.
Term
What is Binary Fission?
Definition
Cell splits into two identical cells. Clones. Bacteria and some protists.
Term
What is budding?
Definition
Genetically identical individuals grow off other individuals.
Term
What is Fragmentation?
Definition
pieces break off and grow into new individuals. Also called vegetative reproduction. Regeneration is not reproduction.
Term
What is parthenogenesis
Definition
Production of Offspring from unfertilized eggs.
Term
Advantages of asexual reproduction
Definition
Don't have to spend time searching for mates or fighting for them.
Term
What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction:
Definition
Very little, if any, GENETIC VARIATION among the offspring.
Term
Sexual Reproduction
Definition
Meiosis and sex. DNA comes from two different individuals
Term
Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
Definition
Have to find and sometimes compete for mates.
Term
Advantages of sexual reproduction
Definition
Create a lot of genetic variation.
Term
Simultaneous hermaphrodite
Definition
Has working male and female sex organs. do not usually self-fertilize.
Term
Why not self self fertilize if simultaneous hermaphrodite?
Definition
No genetic variation.
Term
Sequential Hermaphrodite
Definition
individual born as one sex but changes to the other.
Term
protandry
Definition
Born a male changes to female.
Term
protogyny
Definition
Born a female changes to a male.
Term
Genetic Gender Determination
Definition
Chromosomes determine gender of offspring
Term
Mosaic
Definition
One fertilized egg, but a mitosis error early in development creates different populations of cells expressing different genotypes.
Term
Blaschko lines
Definition
If heterozygous for a pigmentation gene, can have large skin patches of different colors. Sweat glands too.
Term
Bilateral gynandromorph
Definition
Half the body is genetically male, half is genetically female.
Term
non-disjunction
Definition
Chromosomes do not segregate equally
Term
Chimera:
Definition
When different cells in body have different genotpyes. Cells derived from different eggs that fused.
Term
SRY gene
Definition
Negative regulatory protein (like diagram). Y-linked gene that blocks X chromosome. Allows "maleness" to develop.
Term
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
Definition
AIS. Mutation in androgen receptor on taget cells prevents receiving of male hormones. Genetic male (XY) develops as phenotypic female.
Term
Environmental Gender Determination
Definition
The environment determines the sex of offspring
Term
EGD factors (Environmental gender determination). T/ET/SE
Definition
Temperature
Environmental Toxins
Social Environment
Term
Temperature (as Environmental gender determination)
Definition
Crocodiles, some turtles, some fish. Males and females develop at different nest temperatures.
Term
Environmental Toxins (as Environmental gender determination)
Definition
PCB's and other pesticides can "feminize" male turtles and gulls.
Term
Social environment (as Environmental gender determination)
Definition
Some Frogs and Fish can change sex if males or females are rare.
Term
Fertilization
Definition
Fusion of Egg and Sperm
Term
External Fertilization
Definition
Occurs outside the Female's body. Usually in wet environments.
Term
Broadcast spawning:
Definition
Release millions of gametes into the water and hope they find each other.
Term
Internal fertilization
Definition
Occurs inside females body.
Term
Internal Fertilization steps:
Definition
1.) Sperm and egg cell membranes fuse via ACROSOME (Sac of enzymes that allows the sperm to digest its way to the egg cell membrane)
B.) Fertilization membrane prevents a second sperm from entering the egg.
c.) sperm and egg nuclei fuse.
d.) egg implants into lining of uterus.
Term
What are fraternal twins
Definition
two or more different eggs that are fertilized at the same time.
Term
What are identical twins?
Definition
One fertilized egg that splits into two genetically identical eggs.
Term
multiple births (see: octomom/twins thing) can be what type?
Definition
Fraternal, Identical, or a combination.
Term
Humans typically have one baby at a time. Why do some nominals have multiple offspring at a time?
Definition
To ensure they produce enough offspring in a variable environment.
Term
Three ways to handle a fertilized egg: (O, O, and V,)
Definition
Ovipary: eggs laid outside body
OvoVivipary: Eggs hatch inside body
Vivipary: no egg; young develop inside female
Term
What is a placental mammal?
Definition
Developing embryo is connected to a female's body by a placenta and an umbilical cord
Term
Marsupial
Definition
Young nourished outside female's body inside a marsupium (pouch)
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