Term
True or False
Mendel used plants with a lot of genetic variation |
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Definition
False
He used highly inbred plants to obtain homozygous indiviuals, allowing him to study one trait at a time
e.g. Tall x Tall = only tall offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| Both alleles are identical |
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Term
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Definition
| The two alleles are different |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first filial generation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Mendel's Heritable Factor commonly known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two forms of a gene? |
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Definition
| Dominant allele & recessive allele |
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Term
| What is the Mendel's Principle of Dominance? |
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Definition
| In a heterozygote, one allele may conceal the presence of another |
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Term
| What is Mendel's Principle of Segregation? |
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Definition
| In a heterozygote, neither allele is changed by coexisting with the other |
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Term
| What is Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment? |
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Definition
| The alleles of different genes will segregate independently of one another |
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Term
True or false
The closer genes are to one another on a chromosome, the more likely they are to cross over/recombine |
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Definition
False
The farther apart genes are from one another, the more susceptible they are to crossing over / recombination |
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Term
| What are the 3 methods of predicting the outcome of a cross? |
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Definition
Punnett Square
Forked Line
Probability Method |
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Term
| What is the 'p' arm on a chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 'q' arm on a chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the centromere found, relative to the p & q arms of a chromosome? |
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Definition
| Between the p (short) and q (long) arms |
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Term
| What is the general rule of thumb for the number of possible haploid genotypes produced? |
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Definition
| For 'n' different genes assorting independtly, 2^n haploid genotypes are possible |
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Term
| How many DIPLOID genotypes are possible by combining 4 different gametes from each of two parents? |
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Definition
| 4x4 = 16 possible DIPLOID genotypes |
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Term
| How many HAPLOID genotypes are possible by combining 3 different genes assorting independently? |
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Definition
| 2^3 = 8 possible HAPLOID genotypes |
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Term
| What is the multiplicative rule of probability? |
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Definition
If events A & B are independently & overlap, the probability that they occur together is the product of their individual probabilities of occurance
e.g. Probability of A x Probability of B |
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Term
| What is the additive rule of probability? |
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Definition
If events A & B occur independently and do not overlap, the probability that at least one of them will occur is the sum of their individual probabilities of occurance
e.g. Probability of A + Probability of B |
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Term
| Crossing two parents with an Aa genotype, what is the frequency that a recessive phenotype will occur? |
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Definition
25% of the time
1 AA offspring (dominant phenotype)
2 Aa offspring (dominant phenotype)
1 aa offspring (recessive phenotype)
1+2+1 = 4. 1 out of 4 is 25% |
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Term
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Definition
| Crossing an individual of an unknown genotype to an individual with a homozygous recessive genotype |
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Term
| If two Bb parents are crossed, and 4 offspring are produced, what is the likelihood that 1 offspring is bb? |
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Definition
n! / (X! x Y!) x [p^x][q^y]
4!/3!x1! x [3/4]^3 [1/4]^1 = 0.42 |
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Term
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Definition
| The 2 forms of a nitrogenous base, the isoform is rare |
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Term
| What will happen if an isoform is incorporated into a strand of DNA? |
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Definition
| The DNA sequence will be altered |
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Term
| What are the common forms of nitrogenous bases? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the rare forms of nitrogenous bases? |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
If a mutation occurs during mitotic division of a spermatogonia/oognia, the mutation will NOT be inherited |
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Definition
False
The mutation can be passed on to the offspring |
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Term
| Where are mutations likely to occur? |
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Definition
| Repeating sequences, symmetrical sequences, palindromes |
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Term
What kind of repetition is this:
AGAGAGAGAGAG |
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Definition
| Simple dinucleotide repetition |
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Term
True or false
Some chemical agents (e.g. acryline dyes) are mutagenic only to replicating DNA |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
Alkylating agents are mutageni only to replicating DNA |
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Definition
False
Alkylating agents are mutagenic to both replicating AND non-replicating DNA |
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Term
| If a pyrimidine (e.g. cytosine) absorbs UV radiation, what is likely to occur? |
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Definition
| Mutation in the form if dimerization |
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Term
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Definition
| changes the sequence so the codon codes for a different amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| changes the sequence resulting in a stop codon (TAG, TGA, TAA) = stops translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutation that doesn't actually affect the end product |
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Term
| Why is it possible for a mutation to be silent? |
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Definition
| Because some amino acids are coded for by a variety of codons |
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Term
| What effect to acridines have on the double helix? |
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Definition
| distort the double helix, resulting in deletion/addition of base pairs during replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of DNA is moved to another position on the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| A portion of DNA is moved to another chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| A codon sequence is repeated, the frequency of the mutation increases with each generation |
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Term
| What is a frameshift mutation |
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Definition
Addition/deletion of a base in a DNA sequence changes the way the strand is read by the reading frame
e.g. 'do not go near the door'
becomes
'don otg nea rth edo or' |
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Term
| If a mutation occurs in the coding region, how is the protein affected? |
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Definition
Changed to a non-functional form
Folding is prevented, will be targeted for degradation |
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Term
| What is the effect of a mutation in a non-coding region? |
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Definition
prevent/reduce transcription & translation
mRNA is unstable, ribosomes cannot bind to it
start codon may be mutated |
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Term
| What is the result of nucleotide expansion in non-coding regions? |
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Definition
| The mRNA may be too big for export to the cytoplasm |
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Term
| What disease describes the expansion in the untranslated region of an mRNA? |
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Definition
| Myotonic dystrophy type 1 |
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Term
| What is myotonic dystrophy type 2? |
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Definition
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