Term
|
Definition
| systematics approach where common ancestry is used to construct phylogenetic trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes a group of plants or animals that are descended from a single stock or ancestral form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group in a phylogenettic tree where one species is not included |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group in a phylogenetic tree where one extra species is added on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when organisms ahare an ancestral trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a new trait that is not shared with an ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group closely related to the taxon under consideration that has ancestral traits but no derived traits (used as a control or reference group) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the simplest explanation for the data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| given rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subdivision of a genus considered as a basic biological classification and containing individuals that resemble one another and may interbreed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time (e.g. deer population). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability for organisms with a certain genotype to change their phynotype associated with that gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chance events can cause unpredictable gene fluctuations between generations, especially in small populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a drastic event kills off many members of a population severely limiting the umber and types of genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the natural transfer of genes from one population into the genetic makeup of another population through hybridization and interbreeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the developmental diversification of a group of organisms from an ancestral form into several different forms that adapt to different environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological barriers that stop members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stuff that fucks up fucking befor teh sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes species or populations that do not interbreed because they are geographically isolated from one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes species that occupy roughly the same area of land but do not interbreed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fertile individual with more than two chromosome sets due to two different species interbreeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
archean(Origin of Earth
First Prokaryotes
Oxygen increases) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proterozoic 2.1 BYA First eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses light and co2 for energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses inorganic chemicals and co2 for energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses light as well as other organic moecules to mae energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a diverse group of (usually) unicellular eukaryotes that are the ancestors of all other eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another using transposable elements, plasmids, viral infection, fusion of organisms (endosymbiosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excavata: have groove on one side of cell body
Chromalveolata: include important photosynthetic organisms, may have originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event
Rhizaria: have ‘threadlike’ pseudopodia, include one type of amoeba, forams, and radiolarians
Archaeplastida: protists with key photosynthetic roles: red algae, green algae, and land plants
Unikonta: amoebas, slime molds, fungi, and animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groove on one side of cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include important photosynthetic organisms, may have originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have ‘threadlike’ pseudopodia, include one type of amoeba, forams, and radiolarians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with key photosynthetic roles: red algae, green algae, and land plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amoebas, slime molds, fungi, and animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of cell division that results in formation of two genetically identical cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that creates cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asexual reproduction where egg develops without being fertilized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gametes are same size and motile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gametes are motile but differ in size- female gametes larger than male gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female gamete becomes larger and non-motile, fewer female gametes produced, some provide nourishment for embryo |
|
|
Term
| Shared traits of general algaes and plants |
|
Definition
, multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs
cellulose cells walls
chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multicellular organs found in sporophytes that produce spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multicellular organs that create gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
moss and such
gametopyht domanant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conducts water and minerals through tracheids that carry material up from roots
Cell walls of tracheids are strengthened with lignin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other material
"phlows down" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one cell engulfs another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perpetual embryonic tissue that divides frequently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the regions on root and shoot tips that grow much more frequently |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of the moss life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| traits of a moss life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps add nitrogen to the soil.
stores co2 |
|
|
Term
| traits of a fern sexcycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stuf that cells are lned with for support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small leaf supported by one strand of vascula tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eaves with highly branched vascular system, most vascular plants have these |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one type of sporangium produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two types of sporangia, resulting in production of two kinds of spores |
|
|
Term
| 5 seeded plant adapadation |
|
Definition
A. Reduced gametophyte
B. Heterospory
C. Ovules
D. Pollen
E. Seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure containing the megasporangium(diploid,), megaspore(haploid), and integument(s)(diploid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a woody vascular plant in which the ovules are carried naked on the scales of a cone, e.g. a conifer, cycad, or ginkgo. |
|
|
Term
| describe thre conifer life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microsporocytes
(microspore mother cells) undergo meiosis
to produce haploid microspores
devolps into pollen grain with male gametophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
megasporocytes
(megaspore mother cells) undergo meiosis
to produce haploid megaspores inside the
ovule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flowering plants: 90% of all current plant species (250,000 species)
One phylum: Anthophyta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three parts of the carple on a fdlower |
|
Definition
| strigma, style, ovary (from top to bottom) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the male sexual reproductive part of flpwers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bitch paqrt of flowers(female reproductive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has all four layers of modified leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has less than four layers of modified petals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has both stamen and carples on same flower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has just one of ether stamen or carple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has the male and femal parts on the smae plant (eg. coniferouse trees) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male and female parts on two differet plants |
|
|
Term
| describe angiosperm sexual life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no reduction of ploydy in egg at mitosis and sperm does not fertalize egg but creates endosperm (Eg. Citrus tree, diplois egg devolps without fertalization) |
|
|
Term
| how do you reduce self fertilization |
|
Definition
-Dioecious plants, different flower structure
Eg different style length
-timing of gamete producton is different
-self incompatibility genes “S” genes
-if the s genes on pollen and stigma match
No pollen tube grows, the style produces enzymes
That destroy the self pollen tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what the cell walls of fungi are made out of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abosrb nutirients from dead stuff |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized hypea that invade other organisms to getnutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fused mycelia with two nuclei that haven’t combined
In coenocytic or septate hyphae
(different nuculs)
N+n |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two nuclei per cell that divide but don’t fuse
In septate hyphae only (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota)
Sometimes chromosomes can cross over which increases genetic diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of haploid nuclei to make a diploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Earliest fungal group to diverge
Unique among fungi in having flagellated spores (zoospores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungus that form relationshoips wth plant roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sac fungi like puff bawls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does a mushroom make babie mushrooms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closest living relatives of animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(540 MYA)
• Oldest fossils of half of existing animal phyla
• First arthropods, echinoderms, chordates
• First animals with hard skeletons
• Many existing animal body plans were seen during the Cambrian period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilateal simitry going down the middle front to back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ball of cells after formned after cleavage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the infolding of blastula to start making tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pouch formed during gastrulation leads to body cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle germ layer creates the muscels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluid or air filled space separating digestive tract from outer body wall in triploblastic animals
• Also known as the ‘coelom’ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an organism eats what it lives in like erthworms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jellies and hydras and shit like that |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what it sounds ike stupid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| star fish see dollars urchins shit like that |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that sting shit on amebas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things molluscs use to eat look like chainsaws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood ish stuff in molluscs (hemo=blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hairs on worms used to crawl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animals that shed tough external coat (cuticle) as they grow through process of molting |
|
|
Term
| common fetures of a chordate |
|
Definition
| notochord, phyrangial gil slits, dorsal hollow nerve chord, post anal tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| still chord on the back that provides support for muscels used while swiming |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal, hollow, nerve cord: |
|
Definition
| • Nerve cord of embryo develops into brain and spinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Used for suspension feeding in invertebrate chordates
• Non-tetrapods: used as gills in gas exchange
• Tetrapods: develop into ear, head, and neck |
|
|
Term
| D.Muscular, post-anal tail: |
|
Definition
• Reduced in many embryos
• May help in swimming
• Tail has skeletal elements and muscles |
|
|
Term
| 4. Key events in vertebrate evolution |
|
Definition
. Neural crest cells, brain, head, skull
B. Vertebrae
C. Jaws and paired appendages
D. Lungs and lung derivatives
E. Legs
F. Amniotic egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collection of cells near dorsal margins of closing neural tube in embryo
• Cells disperse through body
• Give rise to teeth, some bones and cartilage of the skull, inner layer of skin (dermis) of the face, some neuron types, sensory capsules where eyes and sense organs develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modern Transition Craniate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segments that typically surround the spinal cord to form the spinal column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
