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biol 108 finals
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139
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/14/2008

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Term
Cladistics
Definition
systematics approach where common ancestry is used to construct phylogenetic trees
Term
Monophyletic group:
Definition
describes a group of plants or animals that are descended from a single stock or ancestral form
Term
Paraphyletic group:
Definition
a group in a phylogenettic tree where one species is not included
Term
Polyphyletic group:
Definition
a group in a phylogenetic tree where one extra species is added on
Term
Plesiomorphy
Definition
an ancestral trait
Term
symplesiomorphy
Definition
when organisms ahare an ancestral trait
Term
Apomorphy
Definition
a new trait that is not shared with an ancestor
Term
Outgroup
Definition
group closely related to the taxon under consideration that has ancestral traits but no derived traits (used as a control or reference group)
Term
Maximum parsimony
Definition
the simplest explanation for the data
Term
Maximum likelihood
Definition
given rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events
Term
species
Definition
a subdivision of a genus considered as a basic biological classification and containing individuals that resemble one another and may interbreed
Term
populatiuon
Definition
A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time (e.g. deer population).
Term
phenotpic plastiticity
Definition
the ability for organisms with a certain genotype to change their phynotype associated with that gene
Term
Genetic drift
Definition
chance events can cause unpredictable gene fluctuations between generations, especially in small populations
Term
bottleneck effect
Definition
when a drastic event kills off many members of a population severely limiting the umber and types of genes
Term
gene flow
Definition
the natural transfer of genes from one population into the genetic makeup of another population through hybridization and interbreeding
Term
directional selection
Definition
[image]
Term
disruptive selection
Definition
[image]
Term
stabalizing selection
Definition
[image]
Term
Adaptive Radiation
Definition
the developmental diversification of a group of organisms from an ancestral form into several different forms that adapt to different environments
Term
Reproductive isolation
Definition
biological barriers that stop members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring
Term
Prezygotic barrier
Definition
stuff that fucks up fucking befor teh sex
Term
Allopatric speciation
Definition
describes species or populations that do not interbreed because they are geographically isolated from one another
Term
sympatiric speciation
Definition
describes species that occupy roughly the same area of land but do not interbreed
Term
Allopolyploid
Definition
fertile individual with more than two chromosome sets due to two different species interbreeding
Term
first stage in time?
Definition
archean(Origin of Earth
First Prokaryotes
Oxygen increases)
Term
second stage in time?
Definition
Proterozoic 2.1 BYA First eukaryotes
Term
third stage in time
Definition
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
no nucleus
Term
photoautotroph
Definition
uses light and co2 for energy
Term
chemoautotroph
Definition
uses inorganic chemicals and co2 for energy
Term
photoheterotroph
Definition
uses light as well as other organic moecules to mae energy
Term
chemoheterotroph
Definition
uses chemicals for food
Term
Protists
Definition
a diverse group of (usually) unicellular eukaryotes that are the ancestors of all other eukaryotes
Term
Horizontal gene transfer
Definition
process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another using transposable elements, plasmids, viral infection, fusion of organisms (endosymbiosis)
Term
5 sub groups of protists
Definition
Excavata: have groove on one side of cell body

Chromalveolata: include important photosynthetic organisms, may have originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event

Rhizaria: have ‘threadlike’ pseudopodia, include one type of amoeba, forams, and radiolarians

Archaeplastida: protists with key photosynthetic roles: red algae, green algae, and land plants

Unikonta: amoebas, slime molds, fungi, and animals
Term
Excavata
Definition
groove on one side of cell body
Term
Chromalveolata
Definition
include important photosynthetic organisms, may have originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event
Term
Rhizaria:
Definition
have ‘threadlike’ pseudopodia, include one type of amoeba, forams, and radiolarians
Term
Archaeplastida
Definition
with key photosynthetic roles: red algae, green algae, and land plants
Term
Unikonta
Definition
amoebas, slime molds, fungi, and animals
Term
Mitosis
Definition
type of cell division that results in formation of two genetically identical cells
Term
Meiosis
Definition
type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that creates cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell
Term
Parthogenesis
Definition
asexual reproduction where egg develops without being fertilized
Term
Isogamy
Definition
gametes are same size and motile
Term
Anisogamy
Definition
gametes are motile but differ in size- female gametes larger than male gametes
Term
Oogamy
Definition
female gamete becomes larger and non-motile, fewer female gametes produced, some provide nourishment for embryo
Term
Shared traits of general algaes and plants
Definition
, multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs

cellulose cells walls

chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b
Term
Sporangia
Definition
multicellular organs found in sporophytes that produce spores
Term
Multicellular gametangia
Definition
Multicellular organs that create gametes
Term
archagonium
Definition
female gametangia
Term
antheridia
Definition
Male gametangia
Term
Bryophytes
Definition
moss and such
gametopyht domanant
Term
Xylem
Definition
conducts water and minerals through tracheids that carry material up from roots

Cell walls of tracheids are strengthened with lignin
Term
Phloem
Definition
cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other material
"phlows down"
Term
endosymbiosis
Definition
when one cell engulfs another
Term
Meristems
Definition
perpetual embryonic tissue that divides frequently
Term
Apical meristems
Definition
the regions on root and shoot tips that grow much more frequently
Term
characteristics of the moss life cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
traits of a moss life cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
importance of moss
Definition
helps add nitrogen to the soil.
stores co2
Term
traits of a fern sexcycle
Definition
[image]
Term
lignin
Definition
stuf that cells are lned with for support
Term
Microphyll:
Definition
a small leaf supported by one strand of vascula tissue
Term
Megaphyll
Definition
eaves with highly branched vascular system, most vascular plants have these
Term
Homosporous:
Definition
one type of sporangium produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte
Term
Heterosporous
Definition
two types of sporangia, resulting in production of two kinds of spores
Term
5 seeded plant adapadation
Definition
A. Reduced gametophyte
B. Heterospory
C. Ovules
D. Pollen
E. Seeds
Term
Ovule
Definition
structure containing the megasporangium(diploid,), megaspore(haploid), and integument(s)(diploid)
Term
Gymnosperm
Definition
a woody vascular plant in which the ovules are carried naked on the scales of a cone, e.g. a conifer, cycad, or ginkgo.
Term
describe thre conifer life cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
Pollen cones
Definition
microsporocytes
(microspore mother cells) undergo meiosis
to produce haploid microspores
devolps into pollen grain with male gametophyte
Term
Ovulate cones
Definition
megasporocytes
(megaspore mother cells) undergo meiosis
to produce haploid megaspores inside the
ovule
Term
Angiosperms
Definition
Flowering plants: 90% of all current plant species (250,000 species)

One phylum: Anthophyta
Term
anthophtyta
Definition
flowering plants
Term
three parts of the carple on a fdlower
Definition
strigma, style, ovary (from top to bottom)
Term
Stamens
Definition
the male sexual reproductive part of flpwers
Term
Carpels
Definition
the bitch paqrt of flowers(female reproductive)
Term
Complete flower
Definition
has all four layers of modified leaves
Term
incompleat flower
Definition
has less than four layers of modified petals
Term
perfect flower
Definition
has both stamen and carples on same flower
Term
imperfect flower
Definition
has just one of ether stamen or carple
Term
monoiecius
Definition
has the male and femal parts on the smae plant (eg. coniferouse trees)
Term
dioeciuse
Definition
male and female parts on two differet plants
Term
describe angiosperm sexual life cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
parhinogenic species
Definition
no reduction of ploydy in egg at mitosis and sperm does not fertalize egg but creates endosperm (Eg. Citrus tree, diplois egg devolps without fertalization)
Term
how do you reduce self fertilization
Definition
-Dioecious plants, different flower structure
Eg different style length
-timing of gamete producton is different
-self incompatibility genes “S” genes
-if the s genes on pollen and stigma match
No pollen tube grows, the style produces enzymes
That destroy the self pollen tube
Term
chitin
Definition
what the cell walls of fungi are made out of
Term
source of food in fungus
Definition
glycogen like in animals
Term
Saprophytic fungi
Definition
abosrb nutirients from dead stuff
Term
Hypea
Definition
tubual cell in mycellium
Term
Haustoria
Definition
specialized hypea that invade other organisms to getnutrients
Term
Plasmogamy
Definition
Term
Heterokaryon:
Definition
fused mycelia with two nuclei that haven’t combined
In coenocytic or septate hyphae
(different nuculs)
N+n
Term
Dikaryotic mycelium
Definition
Two nuclei per cell that divide but don’t fuse
In septate hyphae only (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota)
Sometimes chromosomes can cross over which increases genetic diversity
Term
Karyogamy:
Definition
fusion of haploid nuclei to make a diploid
Term
Chytrids
Definition
Earliest fungal group to diverge
Unique among fungi in having flagellated spores (zoospores)
Term
Glomeromycetes
Definition
fungus that form relationshoips wth plant roots
Term
Zygomycetes
Definition
bread mold(fast growing)
Term
Ascomycetes
Definition
sac fungi like puff bawls
Term
Basidiomycetes
Definition
caped mushrooms
Term
how does a mushroom make babie mushrooms
Definition
[image]
Term
Choanoflagellates
Definition
Closest living relatives of animals
Term
Cambrian explosion:
Definition
(540 MYA)
• Oldest fossils of half of existing animal phyla
• First arthropods, echinoderms, chordates
• First animals with hard skeletons
• Many existing animal body plans were seen during the Cambrian period
Term
anterior posterior axis
Definition
bilateal simitry going down the middle front to back
Term
dorsal ventral axis
Definition
bilater taop to bottom
Term
dorsal ventral axis
Definition
bilater taop to bottom
Term
Blastula
Definition
ball of cells after formned after cleavage
Term
Gastrulation:
Definition
the infolding of blastula to start making tissues
Term
Diploblastic organisms
Definition
two tissue layers
Term
triploblastic organisms
Definition
3 layerd organisms
Term
Archenteron
Definition
pouch formed during gastrulation leads to body cavity
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
outside germ layer
Term
endododerm
Definition
inside germ layer
Term
mesoderm
Definition
middle germ layer creates the muscels
Term
Body cavity:
Definition
fluid or air filled space separating digestive tract from outer body wall in triploblastic animals
• Also known as the ‘coelom’
Term
Deposit feeding:
Definition
when an organism eats what it lives in like erthworms
Term
Calcarea and Silicea
Definition
sponges
Term
cnidarians
Definition
jellies and hydras and shit like that
Term
molluscs
Definition
what it sounds ike stupid
Term
annealids
Definition
segmented worms
Term
echinoderms
Definition
star fish see dollars urchins shit like that
Term
chordates
Definition
shit with a spinal chord
Term
nematocysts
Definition
cells that sting shit on amebas
Term
radula
Definition
things molluscs use to eat look like chainsaws
Term
hemolymph
Definition
blood ish stuff in molluscs (hemo=blood)
Term
cheata
Definition
hairs on worms used to crawl
Term
Ecdysozoans
Definition
Animals that shed tough external coat (cuticle) as they grow through process of molting
Term
common fetures of a chordate
Definition
notochord, phyrangial gil slits, dorsal hollow nerve chord, post anal tail
Term
Notochord:
Definition
still chord on the back that provides support for muscels used while swiming
Term
Dorsal, hollow, nerve cord:
Definition
• Nerve cord of embryo develops into brain and spinal
Term
Pharyngeal slits/clefts:
Definition
• Used for suspension feeding in invertebrate chordates
• Non-tetrapods: used as gills in gas exchange
• Tetrapods: develop into ear, head, and neck
Term
D.Muscular, post-anal tail:
Definition
• Reduced in many embryos
• May help in swimming
• Tail has skeletal elements and muscles
Term
4. Key events in vertebrate evolution
Definition
. Neural crest cells, brain, head, skull
B. Vertebrae
C. Jaws and paired appendages
D. Lungs and lung derivatives
E. Legs
F. Amniotic egg
Term
craniates
Definition
vertbrates with heads
Term
Neural crest cells:
Definition
collection of cells near dorsal margins of closing neural tube in embryo

• Cells disperse through body

• Give rise to teeth, some bones and cartilage of the skull, inner layer of skin (dermis) of the face, some neuron types, sensory capsules where eyes and sense organs develop
Term
Hagfishes:
Definition
Modern Transition Craniate
Term
Vertebrae:
Definition
segments that typically surround the spinal cord to form the spinal column
Term
Gnathostomes:
Definition
jawed vertabrates
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