What are the main themes of biology?

(As studied in this class)

• There is a hierarchy of organization
• Life requires energy transfer and transformation

Light>Chemical>Heat, etc.

• Structure Correlates with function
• Cells are the basic unit of life
• DNA provides instructions and continuity for life
• Feedback regulates biological systems
• Evolution is a core theme

• Cohesion(, Adhesion, Surface Tension)
• Temperature Moderation
• Expansion Upon Freezing
• Versatility as a solvent

Cohesion: Water molecules 'sticking' to each other

Adhesion: Water molecules 'sticking' to other molecules/substances

Surface Tension: The surface is a little difficult to break

Hydrophobic: "Afriad of water." These molecules do not dissolve in water(usually) because they are nonpolar and nonionic.

Hydrophilic: "Likes water." These molecules normally dissolve in water because they are either polar or they are ionic.

Structural: Differ in covalent arrangement

Cis/Trans: Differ in spatial arangement

Enantiomers: Mirror images, can't be superimposed (like your left hand on top of your right hand)

• Hydroxyl
• Carbonyl
• Carboxyl
• Amino
• Sulfhydryl
• Phosphate
• Methyl

Through dehydration (pieces to make a water molecules are removed from two monomers or ends of a chain)

[-OH, H]

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Lipids

• Primary Structure
• Secondary Structure
• Tertiery Structure
• Quaternary Structure

Nitrogenous Base (Pyrimidines:C,T/U & Purines:A,G)

Sugar (Deoxyribose in DNA [H] & Ribose in RNA [-OH])

Phosphate Group

A<-->T/U

C<-->G

LM: Light microscope

EM: Electron microscope

SEM: Scanning electron microscope (used to cell cell surface)

TEM: Transmission electron microscope (used to see inside of cells)

The two major divisions Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells.

They both have plasma membranes, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes.

Nuclear envleope

ER

Golgi

Lysosomes

Vacoules

Plasma membrane

Protein synthesis and transport

Lipid metabolism and transport

Detoxification of poison and drugs

The smooth ER lacks ribosomes.

It is involved in lipid synthesis, drug detoxification, and calcium storage.

Why is it called the rough ER? What does it do?

The rough ER is bound by ribosomes.

It is involved in protein synthesis, folding, and glycosylation.

It also serves as the "gatekeeper" for vesicular transport.

The Golgi is located next to the nucleus.

Its groups of flattened stacks are called cisternae.

Its two faces are called "cis" and "trans."

The Golgi is free to move around the cell. (And it is 3D)

The Golgie modifies, stores, and sorts proteins. It also synthesizes carbohydrates.

Vesicles bud off the Golgi to transfer materials.

It is a membranous sac of hydrolitic enzymes. It also has an acidic compartment.

Its functions are phagocytosis (digestion of food or organisms into a vacoule), fusing with a vacoule to digest food, and autophagy (digestion of old organelles, recycling).

They are membrane bound storgage vesicles.

The types are Food, Contractile, and Central (only in plants).

Vesicles mediate the endomembrane system (they transport proteins).

The flow can be bi-directional. It flows from the ER-->Golgi-->Plasma Membrane

Mitochondria has a double membrane structure.

It is important for cellular respiration. It produces ATP (based on how much is needed).

They often have a triple membrane structure.

The chloroplasts make glucose for photosynthesis.

Thylakoids: Each flattened disk found within the Chloroplast.

Granum: A stack of Thylakoids

Stroma: The matrix within the Cholorplast.

Break down fatty acids

Detoxify harmful components

It provides cell shape and organelle support.

It also facilitates cell movement and vesicular transport.

They are made of tubulin.

They maintain the shape of the cell

Aid in cell mobility

Chromosome movement in cell division

Organelle movement

Made of actin subunit

Change cell shape

Aid in muscle contraction

Maintainance of cell shape

Cell motility

Cell division

They are made of proteins in the Keratin family.

They maintain cell shape

Anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles

Formation of nuclear lamina

The cell wall protects the cells and maintains the cell shape.

There is the primary cell wall, the secondary cell wall, and the middle lamella.

Support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

It is composed primarily of glycoproteins (including collogen and proteoglycans).

Tight Junctions (Animal): Prevent leakage

Gap Junctions (Animal): Provide channels between cells

Desmosomes (Animal): Attach cells to one another

Plasmodesmata (Plant): Provide channels between cells

What factors influence membrane permiability?

(And in what way?)

Temperature (High temperature means more permiable, lower temp means less)

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Increase fluidity)

Cholesterol (At high temperatures they decrease fluidity, at low temperatures they increase fluidity)

Integral or Transmembrane (Embedded in Membrane)

Peripheral (Loosely attached to membrane)

Hydrophilic, large molecules, charged, and polar molecules.

(These require transport proteins)

Diffusion is random movement toward equilibrium.

Substances go from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

Diffusion of water across a membrane.

(Water goes from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration)

The ability of a solute to cause a cell to lose or gain water.

Hypotonic: Has a lower solute concentration than what is inside the cell

Isotonic: Has about the same solute concentration as what is inside the cell

Hypertonic: Has a higher solute concentration than what is inside the cell

Facilitated Diffusion: Solute moves down its concentration gradient (doesn't require ATP)

Active Transport: Solute moves up its concentration gradient (Requires energy [ATP])

Channel Proteins: Form a corridor for solute to pass through.

Carrier Proteins: Alternate between shapes to move solutes (Open to only the inside, then open to only the oustide) (Requires Energy)

It is called membrane potential.

It is established by Sodium-Potassium pumps and Proton pumps.

(It serves as stored energy that can be used to do work)

Active transport assisted by a concentration gradient.

(Such as two things moving opposite directions up & down a concentration gradient)

It is the secretion of materials.

It is mediated by vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Endocytosis is bringing things into the cell.

The three main types are phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Lipid rafts can facilitate endocytosis.

Pyrimidines:

Cytosine

Thymine (DNA)

Uracil (RNA)

Purines:

Adenine

Guanine