Term
| If stretched end to end, how far would a DNA cell stretch |
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Definition
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Term
| What is melanin responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Melanin is produced in ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives rise to blue eye color? |
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Definition
| Collagen fibers within the stroma scatter blue light |
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Term
| Inidividuals with blue eye color have a mutation that reduces the amount of _________ in the ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| People with blue eyes have what letter on the HERC2 genes (T or C)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What colour does eumelanin make? |
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Definition
| Black and brown (eye/hair colour) |
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Term
| What colour does phaeomelanin make? |
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Definition
| Red and yellow (hair colour) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rate limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis (Melanin is made of tyrosinase which determines whether it's converted to eumelanin or phaeomelanin) |
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Term
| What ligand activates tyrosinase? |
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Definition
| MC1R which makes lots of eumelanin |
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Term
| Low levels of MC1R and therefore tyrosinase leads to... |
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Definition
| Lots of pheaomelanin produced |
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Term
| Why does Emily have trouble suntanning? |
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Definition
| Red hair humans have non-functional MC1R so UV can't stimulate production of eumelanin (natural sunscreen) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to trace our ancestors back to a single person |
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Term
| How can you track inheritance in males (i.e. What part of male doesn't recombine) |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you trace female inheritance (i.e. what part of female DNA does not recombine)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How similar is Neanderthal DNA to human DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did first signs of life appear |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the Cambrian explosion occur and what was it? |
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Definition
| 540 millions years ago: incredible diversification of life on Earth |
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Term
| When were modern humans evolved? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a protosome and a deuterosome? |
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Definition
Protostomes: blasotoam becomes mouth
Deuterostomes:bloastofoam becomes anus |
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Term
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Definition
| Whatever is shared by two or more groups is likely to have existed in their last common ancestor |
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Term
| What do prosotomes and deuterostomes have in common? |
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Definition
| Both are bilaterally symmetrical |
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Term
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Definition
| Transforms third thoracic segments into second |
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Term
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Definition
| On a hox gene a 180 stretch base pair of DNA that encodes aa |
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Term
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Definition
| 60 aa encoded by homeobox |
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Term
| What do hox genes control? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eyeless gene results in.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Eyeless are also known as... |
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Definition
| Pax-6 (May indicate ancient role in development of some type of light sensing organ in the common ancestor) |
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Term
| Insect wings are derived from |
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Definition
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Term
| From protostomes to deuterostomes, where is Distalless gene found |
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Definition
| On structures protruding away from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Required for heart formation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution tends to reduction in number of parts that are highly differentiated |
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Term
| In butterfly wings, what are engrailed and CI ? |
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Definition
| Engrailed marks posterior and Ci marks anterior (involved in specifying a front and back of a segment) |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of symmetries that can be identified across thousads of species. No butterfly has complete ground plan, just a mutated version |
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Term
| How are butterfly wings patterned? |
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Definition
| Reusing existing patterning genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in embryotic butterfly, later gives rise to adult structures |
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Term
| What genes are used to pattern butterfly wings? |
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Definition
| Engrailed, Ci, distal-less and spalt |
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Term
| Gene controlling forewing identity in Drosophila? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gene controlling hindwing and haltere development in Drosophila? |
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Definition
| Ultrabithorax (absence of it in hind wing changes portions of hind wing to forewing identity) |
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Term
| Icefish are missing which type of globin? |
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Definition
| beta globin (their alpha globin in non-functional) |
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Term
| How and why are ice fish "bloodless" |
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Definition
- Antartica an South America used to be connected
- WHen they seperated temperature dropped and currents trapped them
- Fish had to adapt or go extinct
- Viscosity rises at colder temps so only way to decreae this is to remove cells
- Oxygen is highly soluble at lower temps
- Evolved large gills and scaleless skin to increase oxygen absorption
- High blood volume and heat to increase blood flow
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Term
| Visual pigments are made up of |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are humans trichromatic instead of dichromatic? |
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Definition
| Help primates differenciate between red plants (which are less tough and richer in proteins) and green plants |
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Term
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Definition
SWS (red short)
MWM (medium and blue)
LWS (long and green) |
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Term
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Definition
- Lives at deep depths
- Has rhodopsin and SWS but no other bisual pigment
- COlour vision isn't needed under these conditions
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Term
| Human genome consists of how many base pairs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Human genome encodes for how many genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of human genome are actually proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Categorize every nucleotide in genom that does something |
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Term
| What percentage of human genome contains actualy elements linking tobiological function? |
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Definition
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Term
Differentiation of butterfly eyespots is controlled by |
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Definition
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Term
| Last common ancestor or protostomes and deuterostomes contained |
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Definition
| Hox cluster, Pax-6, Dll and tinman |
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Term
Transplantation of the pupal eyespot focus to other regions of the wing results in |
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Definition
| Eyespot forming at the site of transplantation |
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Term
| Individuals with blue eye colour have a mutation that reduces the amount of |
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Definition
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Term
| Insect wings and crustaceans share |
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Definition
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Term
| When is Tyrosinase activated? |
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Definition
| When alpha-MSH binds to MC1R. |
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Term
| Eyless, small-eye and Aniridia have been given the common name? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothetical last common ancestor of all bilateria |
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Term
| Melanin production occurs in what organelle? |
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Definition
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Term
| ow did scientists conclusively prove that remains found in a church were those of Copernicus? |
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Definition
| DNA from Copernicus bones matched to hairs from a book |
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Term
| Colinearity of hox genes means that |
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Definition
| The order of the genes on the chromosome corresponds to the anterior to posterior order of expression in the embryo |
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Term
| Last common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes contained: |
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Definition
| Hox cluster, Pax-6, Dll and tinman |
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Term
| The _______ are the balancing organs located on the ______of Drosophila |
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Definition
| halteres, third thoracic segment |
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Term
| Serial homologs are defined as: |
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Definition
| Structures that arose as a series of repeating series and have subsequently become differenciated |
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Term
| Which of the following molecules transfers information from mRNA to protein? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment |
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