Term
|
Definition
Urine in bladder and upper urinary
tract are normally _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Vagina is populated by ______ |
|
|
Term
Normal Microbiota Female
Reproductive System:
estrogen
Lactobacilli
acid-tolerant |
|
Definition
______ cause glycogen to accumulate in
the cells lining of the vagina.
_______ convert the glycogen to lactic
acid, and pH of the vagina becomes
acidic.
Only ________ normal microbiota grow
in the vagina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibiotics can eliminate the
normal microbiota and lead to _____ (inflammation of the vagina) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– (inflammation of the vagina)
– often associated with growth of Candida
albicans (yeastlike fungus).
• Candidiasis
– Growth of Gardnerella vaginatis - Gram
neg – organism commonly found in the
vagina. |
|
|
Term
pathogen: Treponema
pallidium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pathogen: Neisseria
gonorrhoeae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pathogen:Chlamydia
trachomatis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pathogen: Ureaplasma
hrealyticum |
|
Definition
disease:Ureaplasma
urethritis |
|
|
Term
pathogen: Heamophilus
ducreyi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Agent: Gram negative spirochete -
Treponema pallidum
• Transmission: human-to-human
usually during sexual intercourse.
• Incubation period:
the average is three week before one
see any symptoms (but it can be up
to three months). |
|
|
Term
| primary, secondary, tertiary |
|
Definition
| syphilis passes through 3 stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– A lesion at the initial site of infection.
• An open sore called a chancre.
– They are usually on the penis or wall of
vagina.
– They are painless and the initial lesion
heals up spontaneously.
• Many syphilis infections are cured by our
natural host defense system at this stage. |
|
|
Term
| syphilis: secondary stage |
|
Definition
- Organisms travel to other parts of the
body.
– It causes skin rashes (that may be
mistaken for measles, rubella, or
chickenpox) and hair loss visible in
eyebrows.
• At this stage patient is highly infectious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Organism invades the nervous systems.
• Hallmark tertiary syphilis is the
gumma, soft, gummy granular lesion.
• Due to weakening of major blood
vessels causing them to bulge and
burst.
– Other lesions can occur in brain that
lead to insanity, blindness and eventual
death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
About __ percent of these syphilis pregnancies
result in stillbirth or neonatal death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Between ___ to ____ percent of such
pregnancies will yield a syphilisinfected
infant with poor bone
formation, meningitis or Hutchinson’s
triad ( a combination of deafness,
impaired vision and notched,pegshaped
teeth). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Primary stage – observation of
spirochetes from the chancre using
fluorescence or dark-filed microscope.
– Later stages – tests for syphilis
antibodies in the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Penicillin for the primary and
secondary stages of the disease. Less
effective at the latent stage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram negative coccus
• Also called "CLAP” (French Clappoir for
“brothel”.
• Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram negative coccus with characteristic
double-bean shape. (Common known as
gonococcus.)
• Isolated in 1879 by Albert L.S. Neisser. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Special virulence factor:
– Bacteria attaches to urethra using a special
pili.
• Transmission: person-to-person contract
during sexual intercourse.
– Very fragile organisms survives only brief
period outside body, easily killed most
antiseptics and disinfectants.
• Incubation period:
One day to two weeks till first symptoms. |
|
|
Term
| gonorrhea female symptoms |
|
Definition
• Symptoms:
– Female:
• Female symptoms are usually a mild
vaginites similar to other vaginal
infections.
• It often goes unnoticed and
untreated.
• In fact, infected females are the major
reservoir of continued infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
symptoms:
• Male:
– Pus and
swelling in the
urethra that
cause painful
and frequent
urination.
– Note yellowish
discharge at tip
of penis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- often leads to sterility in
both sexes if left untreated.
– There is no immunity and a cured
individual can catch the disease
repeatedly.
• Treatment - antibiotics like penicillin.
• But Penicillin resistant gonorrhea have
been found. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• _____ can also
infect the mouth, throat
(gonococcal pharyngitis)
and anus/rectum
(gonococcal proctitis).
• The bacteria may infect
the eyes, particularly of
babies at birth
(gonococcal ophtalmia),
and can lead to
blindness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Detection:
– Gram- negative diplococci in the
discharge from the urogenital tract.
– Immunoassay reactions.
• Physician take swab sample and dip the
swab into an antibody solution. A color
reaction after a few hours indicates
presence or absence of gonococci. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteria - Chlamydia trachomatis
– Unusual very small bacteria because it lives
inside cells that it infects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Transmission: sexual contact
• Symptoms are often painful urination and
a watery discharge.
– However, 75% of the women and 25% of
infected men have no symptoms at all.
• Incubation Period:
Symptoms of infection begin to show
within one to two weeks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Infection complications:
– grows in the male and female urethra.
• Often called nongonococcal urethritis
(inflammation of the urethra).
• This inflammation may cause sterility.
– Males- if inflammation spreads to the epididymis.
– Females- if inflammation spreads to the uterine
tubes and causes scarring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• In females, it can also effect the pelvic
regions.
– Pelvic region includes the uterus, cervix
and uterine tubes or ovaries.
– Called Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
• PID can also be cause by N. gonorrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• ______ will
also infect the
eye. (Chlamydial
ophthalmia)
• It causes
redness and
irritation around
the linings of the
eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Detection:
– Since 1983 two fast and simple
laboratory tests have been available to
detect C. trachomatis.
• A. Fluorescent antibody test using
monoclonal antibodies against C.
trachomatis
• B. Immunoassay test with antibodies
against C. trachomatis .
• Treatment: Tetracycline and/or
erythromycin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Initial chancre. Has three
stages primary,
secondary and tertiary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Male: painful urination
and pus. Female: few
symptoms, PID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pain on urination, watery
discharge, leads to
infertility |
|
|
Term
disease:Ureaplasma
urethritis |
|
Definition
Pain on urination,
variable discharge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Agent: Ureaplasma urealyticum
– A mycoplasma with the ability to
digest urea in culture media.
– Mycoplasma have no cell wall.
• Microplasma hominis &
• Microplasma genitalium also causes urethritis
but are not able to digest urea.
– Transmission: Sexual contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Symptoms:
– urethral pain usually aggravated during
urination.
– Some discharge often variable.
• Symptoms are mild compared to
gonorrhea and chlamydia.
• Treatment:
– Tetracycline (Penicillin cannot be used) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Diagnosis:
– Usually depends on eliminating gonorrhea or
other types of non-gonorrhea urethritis (NGU).
• Complications:
– In Males – affect sperm counts and sperm cell
motility.
– In Females – can result in sterility if infection
spread to Fallopian tubes and blocks eggs
passage to uterus (Salpingitis).
• Also report that it causes spontaneous
abortions and premature births. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Agent: Haemophilus ducreyi
– Gram-negative rod
– Named after Augusto Ducrey observed
skin lesion in 1889.
• Transmission:
• Chancroid is a sexually transmitted
disease (STD) that is common in tropical
countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Symptoms:
– The first sign of infection is one or more sores
or raised bumps on the genital organs.
– They are surrounded by a narrow red border
which soon becomes filled with pus and
eventually ruptures,
– leaving a painful open sore. ( Often called soft
chancre ).
– Untreated ulcer can last for weeks and is
highly infectious.
– Often spreads to inguinal lymph nodes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Diagnosis:
– Isolation of H. ducreyi from the lesions.
• Treatment:
– Often disappear without treatment
– Tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfonamide
drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are chemical
substances used for therapeutic purposes.
•Implies chemical synthesized or modified
by chemists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are metabolic products of a
microorganism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ early 1900 envisioned
“magic bullets” that seek out and
destroys disease organisms.
Found Arsphenamine given common name
Salvarsan. (salvation from syphilis and
contained arsenic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_______ in 1932 found a red
dye, prontosil, had a inhibitory effect on
staphylococci, streptococci and other
Gram-positives. |
|
|
Term
| Jacques and Therese Trefouel |
|
Definition
In 1935, ________
group at the Pasteur Institute found the
active substance within prontosil was
sulfanilamide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sulfanilamide and other
sulfonamides (sulfa drugs):
Competitive inhibitor of the synthesis of
an essential metabolites – _______ |
|
|
Term
| para-aminobenzoic acid ( PABA) |
|
Definition
Sulfanilamide looks similar to
_________
• to an enzyme in pathway for folic acid
synthesis |
|
|
Term
| bacteria, urinary tract infections |
|
Definition
Modern sulfonamides prescribed for
– Gram- positive ______
– Gram –negative _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sulfamethoxazole +
Trimethoprim (inhibitors of another
step in folic acid synthesis.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sulfisoxazole acetyl
(found in creams for vaginal
infections) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Interferes with cell wall synthesis
in Mycobacterium species by inhibiting the
production of mycolic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA gyrase inhibitor blocks
DNA replication.
– Fluoroquinolnes are nalidixic acid derivative used
in urinary tract infection as well as gonorrhea and
chlamydia.
– Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is a fluorquinolone drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
effective in treating
urogenital infection because it is actively
excreted in the urine. |
|
|
Term
| Quinine, chloroquine, primaquine – |
|
Definition
_______ destroys
malaria parasites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In 1928, ___________ discovered
a Penicillin species that produces a
substance that kills Gram-positive
organisms (staphylococci). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In 1940, ________ - purified,
clinically tested and developed the
techniques for the large-scale
production of penicillin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Inhibits enzymes that makes peptide
cross-links in the peptidoglycan.
-Very effective against Gram-positives.
• Staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia,
pneumococci
– At higher concentration effective
against Gram-negatives.
• Gonorrhea, syphilis, |
|
|
Term
| penicillinase ( beta-lactamase) |
|
Definition
Penicillin resistant bacteria produce an
enzyme __________
converts penicillin to penicilloic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_______ works better against Gramnegatives
than penicillin G. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_______ – acid-stable and does not
bind to food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_______ increased stability, good
for urinary tract infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_______ resemble penicillin in
chemical structure.
– Beta-lactam nucleus has slightly different
composition.
– First _________ C from fungus
Cephalosporium acremonium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
__________ are group of
antibiotics in which an amino groups is
bonded to carbohydrate molecules
(glycosides) that are bonded to other
carbohydrates molecules. |
|
|
Term
Selman A Waksman
streptomycin |
|
Definition
– In 1943 first aminoglycoside discovered
by ___________.
– Found _________ from moldlike
bacterium Streptomyces griseus |
|
|
Term
| aminoglycosides mode of action |
|
Definition
– Bacteriocidal
– Inhibition of protein synthesis – drug
changes shape of 30S ribosomal
subunit and causes code on mRNA to
be read incorrectly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Kills both Gram-negative and Grampositive
bacteria including
Mycobaterium
– Considered = Broad-spectrum
antibiotic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_________ first broad-spectrum
antibiotic discovered.
– Inhibits Gram-positive and Gram-negative as well
as rickettsiae (drug of choice for typhoid fever)
and some fungi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Isolated in 1947 from Streptomyces venezuelae by
John Ehrlich, Paul Burkholder and David Gotlieb.
– It was first synthetic antibiotic [Park-Davis
Company].
• In fact, it is less expensive to manufacture than
to isolated it from Streptomyces. |
|
|
Term
| Chloramphenicol mode of action |
|
Definition
– Bacteriostatic.
– Binds to the 50S ribosome particle and
inhibits peptide bond formation.
– Small size promotes its diffusion into
areas of body that are normally
inaccessible to drugs. |
|
|
Term
| Chloramphenicol major side effects |
|
Definition
– Suppression of bone marrow activity,
prevents hemoglobin incorporation into
red blood cells. Induces condition (1 in
40,000) called aplastic anemia.
– __________ accumulates in the
blood of newborns which can lead to a
breakdown of their cardiovascular
system.
• It is known as gray syndrome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
________ are a group of closely
related broad-spectrum antibiotics.
– Chlorotetracycline first isolated form
Stretomyces spp. in 1948 at Lederle
Laboratories. |
|
|
Term
| Tetracyclines mode of action |
|
Definition
– Bacteriostatic – Inhibition of protein
syntheses.
– Interferes with attachment of tRNA to
mRNA-ribosome complex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Used to treat urinary tract infections,
mycoplasmal pneumonia, chlamydial and
rickettsial infection.
– Alternative drug - syphilis and gonorrhea. |
|
|
Term
| Tetracyclines side effects |
|
Definition
– _______ often suppress the normal
intestinal microbiota causing
gastrointestinal upsets and the
flourishing of fungi such as Candida
albicans.
– In children it causes a yellow-graybrown
discoloration of teeth and stunts
bone growth (reason _______ is not
given to pregnant women). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
member of
group of antibiotics called
macrolides.
– Protein synthesis
inhibitor
– Binds to 50S portion of
ribosome and prevents
prevents translocation –
movement of mRNA
through ribosome.
Miscellaneous
antibiotics
–Effective : atypical pneumonia, Legionnaires’
disease, Neisseria, Chlamydia and gram-positive
bacteria in patients with penicillin allergy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
product of
Streptomyces
species.
– Inhibitor of cell
wall synthesis
gram-positive
bacteria (inactive
against gramnegative
bacteria.
– Last line of
defense against
multi-drug
resistant
Staphlococci. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– semisynthetic
drug
– Used in treatment of
tuberculosis and leprosy.
– Used in treatment of
Meningitis caused by
Neisseria and
Haemophilus.
– Mode of Action: Inhibition
of RNA synthesis.
(Bacteriostatic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has
Neomycin, Bacitracin and Polymyxin B. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits cell wall formation.
– Active against Gram-positive like
staphylococci. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
damages bacterial
membranes.
– Active against Gram-negatives like
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. |
|
|
Term
four mechanisms of
antibiotic resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
