Term
| How does radiometric dating work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time required for 50% of an isotope in a sample to decay |
|
|
Term
| What were the conditions like on early earth? |
|
Definition
| Immense heat, atmosphere thick with water vapor |
|
|
Term
| When is the earliest evidence of life from, and what type is it? |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotes, 3.5 billion years ago |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean, that the earliest documented prokaryotes had advanced photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| Life likely started much earlier, as photosynthesis is advanced. |
|
|
Term
| What notable theory did Pasteur disprove? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the four steps in the cell production hypothesis |
|
Definition
| 1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (amino acids) 2. Joins to polymers 3. Packages into Protocells 4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible |
|
|
Term
| What did miller set out to prove, and how did he do it? |
|
Definition
| First step in cell production hypothesis (abioitic syntehsis of amino acids). He simulated early earth conditions. |
|
|
Term
| When are the earliest prokaryotes and eukaryotes found? |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotes, 3.5-2bya and Eukaryotes 2.1bya |
|
|
Term
| What happened in the "Cambiran Explosion", when was it? |
|
Definition
| Large number of Eukaryotes appeared, 535-525mya |
|
|
Term
| What are the four ages of the Phanerozoic Eon? What are they bordered by? |
|
Definition
| Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic Bordered by mass extinctions |
|
|
Term
| When, and in which age, did Pangeaa break apart to form modern continents? |
|
Definition
| 65mya at the end of Paleozoic |
|
|
Term
| What happens during "Mass extinctions"? |
|
Definition
| 50% of species (or more) lost, removes species with advantageous features, changes course of evolution, 5-100my to recover |
|
|
Term
| Why was the Permian Mass Extinction important? |
|
Definition
| 96% of marine species lost, caused by volcanoes |
|
|
Term
| Why was the cretaceous mass extinction important? |
|
Definition
| Dinosaurs lost, caused by meteorite |
|
|
Term
| A Bats wing and a bees wing are ________, while a human forarm and a bat wing are ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the hierarchy of naming that Linnaeus created |
|
Definition
| Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Taxon) |
|
|
Term
| What are Phylogenic Trees? |
|
Definition
| Branching diagrams that reflect hierarchial classification of groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using common ancestry to group clades, such as a backbone for vertebrates and hair for mammals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In cladistics, a species known to have diverged before study ingroup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adoption of the simpliest explanation phenoena, used in systematics to make trees with the smallest changes |
|
|
Term
| Name some features that contribute to success in prokaryotes |
|
Definition
| Cell shape, cell wall, projections, binary fission, endospore, diversity in food |
|
|
Term
| What does a Gram Stain do? |
|
Definition
| Identify cell wall tyle (simple or more complex) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 types of food sources? |
|
Definition
| Photo, chemo, auto, hetero, photoauto, photohetero, chemoauto, chemohetero |
|
|
Term
| What do the prefixes "photo, chemo, auto, hetero" mean in food sources? |
|
Definition
| Photo: from light, Chemo: from chemicals, Auto: C from CO, Hetero, C from organic compounds, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An eukaryote that is not an animal/fungus/plant |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of protists? |
|
Definition
| Chromalreolata, Rhizaria, Excavata, Unikonta, Archaeplastida |
|
|
Term
| Explain the secondary endosymbiosis (autotroph descendant) theory ? |
|
Definition
| An individual engulfed an autotroph, which could keep functioning and provide a natural advantage. Chloroplasts are descentants. Diversified to red/green algea, which survived and became organelles |
|
|
Term
| What causes red tide bloom? |
|
Definition
| Dinoflagellates, unicellular auto/hetero/mixo trophs |
|
|
Term
| What were the benefits/challenges to plants moving from sea to land? |
|
Definition
| More sun and CO2, less pathogens/herbivores. Less moisture, two resource locations, gravity, reproduction without water |
|
|
Term
| How did plants overcome the challenge of two resource locations on land? |
|
Definition
| Apical meristems maximize exposure, xylem from roots and phoem |
|
|
Term
| How did plants overcome the challenge of reproduction without water on land? |
|
Definition
| Gametangia (protective jackets around gamete producing cells), pollen grains (wind/animals distribute), alternating generations |
|
|
Term
| What plant adaptations distinguish the main evolutionary lineages? |
|
Definition
| Dependant embroys, lignified vascular tissue, seeds, flowers |
|
|
Term
| Explain how alternating generations works |
|
Definition
| Haploid (gametophyte) produces spores (mitosis) when fertalized, zygote grows (mitosis) into diploid, which produces haploid spores (meoisis) which develop (mitosis) into haploid. |
|
|
Term
| Summarize the gymnosperm reproduction process |
|
Definition
| 1. Pollen cone -> spores -> pollen grains -> sperm (if land on ovary cone) 2. Pollination - scales grow together, one haploid spre develops into gemale gametophyte (eggs), 3. Tube grows from pollen grain 4. Ovule matures, dispersed |
|
|
Term
| Summarize the angiosperm reproduction process |
|
Definition
| 1. Anthers -> spores -> pollen grains, Ovule -> spore -> egg 2. Pollination, tube grows from stigma, 3. Zygote formed 4. Ovary forms into fruit, seed germinates |
|
|
Term
| Why is Mycorrhiza on plant roots benificial? |
|
Definition
| Doesn’t penetrate living cells, trades nutrients for sugar. Benificial parasite. |
|
|
Term
| List some basic features of fungi |
|
Definition
| Heterotrophs, feed by absorbtion. Hypae are feeding structures in a mycelium mass. Chitin in cell walls allow absorbtion of large molecules. |
|
|
Term
| Summarize the fungi reproduction process |
|
Definition
| 1. Hypae meet, fuse, heterokaryote, fusion is diploid 2. Zygote produces spores |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when fungi create spores asexually? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List and (breifly) describe the groups of fungi |
|
Definition
| Chytrids (flagellated spores, earliest) Zygomycetes (zygotes produce haploid spores) Glomeromycetes (invade plant roots) Ascomycetes (sac like structures, produce spores) Basidiomycetes (club like bastidium) |
|
|
Term
| List some basic features of an "animal" |
|
Definition
| Multiceullar, diploid, heterotrophic eukaryote. Sexually reproduce, ingestion (usually), lineage from flagellated unikont 1bya |
|
|
Term
| Name the features that describe animal body plans |
|
Definition
| Radian symmetry, Bilaterla symmetry, True tissue (seperated by membranes), Body Cavity, Embryonic Development |
|
|
Term
| How is a "true" coelom different from a "pseudocoelom" |
|
Definition
| True - lined by mesoderm tissue |
|
|
Term
| How does a soft body effect the body cavity of an animal? |
|
Definition
| Incompressible fluid forms a hydrostatic skeleton. |
|
|
Term
| How is a protosome differnet from a deuterosome? |
|
Definition
| Protosome - gastrula opening becomes mouth, Deuterosome - gastrula opening becomes anus. Embryonic development |
|
|
Term
| Why are sponges thought to be the earliest branch of animals? |
|
Definition
| Lack of true tissues, and they resemble flagellated protists |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Cnidiarians |
|
Definition
| Radian symmetry, 2 tissue layers, carnivores, polyp (stationary) vs medusa (move freely), gastrovascular cavity for movement, digestion, circulation, etc, stingling cells (cnidocytes) |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Flatworms |
|
Definition
| Simpliest bilaterians, gastrovascular cavity with one opening, planarians free living, flukes parasites |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Nematodes |
|
Definition
| Three tissue layers, bilaterial, pseudocoelom, 2 openings to digestive track, cuticle prevents drying, complete digestive track allows parts to evolve seperately |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Mollusca |
|
Definition
| Soft bodied with cell, true coelom, cirulatory system, gastropods live on land with a shell, bivalves have a shell with two halves, sephatopods are fast predators with large brains |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Annelids |
|
Definition
| Segmented, earthworms and relatives, polychateres, leeches |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Arhropids |
|
Definition
| Sucessful (segmentation, exoskeleton, jointed appendages), exoskeleton hardened cuticle |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Insects |
|
Definition
| Successful (flight, complex life cycle, waterproof cuticle, short gestation) complete and incomplete metamorphosis (pupae vs molts), modular body plan, protective coloring |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Echinoderms |
|
Definition
| Radial, hard plates in exoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Chordates |
|
Definition
| Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slids, post anal tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the form of an organisms sturctures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of function of an organisms stuructures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Integrated group of simmilar cells that perform a common function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two or more tissue types that perform a specific task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple organs that together perform a vital body function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A number of organ systems specalized for specific tasks functioning together as an itnegrated, coordinated unit |
|
|
Term
| Name the types of tissues |
|
Definition
| Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
|
|
Term
| Name the 12 organ systems discussed in the course (Hint: CRISMULDENIR) |
|
Definition
| circulatory, respiratory, intergumentary, skeletal, musclar, urinary, lymphatic, digestive, endocrine, nervous, immune, reproductive |
|
|
Term
| Describe some features of the Integumentary system |
|
Definition
| Protects against physical injury, infection, excessive heat/cold and drying out. Made of: skin, hair, nails |
|
|
Term
| Describe some features of the Urinary system |
|
Definition
| Removes wastes from blood, excretes urine, regulates chemical makeup, pH, water balance. Made of: Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra |
|
|
Term
| Describe some features of the Endocrine system |
|
Definition
| Secretes hormones that regulate activity of body, maintaing internal homeostasis Made of: thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, ovary, hypothalmus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid |
|
|
Term
| Describe some features of the Lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| Returns excessive body fluid to circulatory system and functions as part of the immune system. Made of: Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, appendix, lymphatic vessels, bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Describe the three layers of skin |
|
Definition
| Dermis (hair follicles, glands, muscles, nerves, nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels), Epidermis (rapid cell division), Hypodermis (adipose dissue) |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of skin? |
|
Definition
| Waterproof covering, physical microbe prevention, sensory receptors, temperature regulation, synthesis of VD, |
|
|
Term
| What evolutionary adaptation provides for sufficient exchange with the enviornment? Where is it found in the human body? |
|
Definition
| Extensively branched or folded surfaces. Folds in small intenstines, epitheium lined tubes of urinary system, ballons in respiratory system |
|
|
Term
| Why does direct exchange not occur between the blood and cells if tissues? |
|
Definition
| Body cells are bathed in interstital fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define: Negative Feedback |
|
Definition
| A change in a variable triggers mechanisms that reverse that change |
|
|
Term
| List the 7 types of "feeders" discussed in the notes and what they consume |
|
Definition
| Herbivore (autotrophs) Carnivore (animals) Omnivores (plants/animals) Suspension (sift from water) Substrage (live on/in food source and eat through it) Fluid (fluids from host) Bulk (large food) |
|
|
Term
| List the four stages of consuming food |
|
Definition
| Ingestion, Digestion, Absorbtion, Elimination |
|
|
Term
| What are the building blocks of proteins/polysaccharids/nucleic acids and fats? |
|
Definition
| Amino acids, Monosaccharids, Nucleotides, Glycerol fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| How is an alimentary canal different than a gastrovascular cavity? |
|
Definition
| Two openings (mouth/anus), allows specialized regions since food moves in 1 direction |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a crop/gizzard? |
|
Definition
| Crop: food is softened/stored, Gizzard is where food is ground up |
|
|
Term
| What function does the oral cavity serve in human digestion? |
|
Definition
| Mechanical and chemical digestion (salivary glands, amylase hydrolyzes starch), forms into bolus for swallowing |
|
|
Term
| What function does the stomach serve in human digestion? |
|
Definition
| Allows you to avoid eating constantly, chemical digestion (pH 2), highly folded interior, pepsin secreted in inactive form (positive feedback). Results in Chyme |
|
|
Term
| What function do sphincters serve in human digestion? |
|
Definition
| Separate components, mulscular ring like valve that regulates passage of food |
|
|
Term
| What function does the duodenum serve in human digestion? |
|
Definition
| Enzymes from pancreas, liver, gallbladder, stomach combine to mix with chyme |
|
|
Term
| What are polysaccarids broken into in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Polysaccharides -> pancreatic amylase -> maltose (and other di-s) -> maltase, sucrose -> monosaccharide |
|
|
Term
| What are polypeptides broken into in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Polypeptides -> trypsin/chymotrypsin -> smaller polypeptides -> various peptidases -> amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What are DNA/RNA broken into in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| DNA/RNA -> nucleases -> nucleotides -> other enzymes -> nitrogenous bases/sugars/phosphates |
|
|
Term
| What are fat globules broken into in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Fat globules -> bile salts -> emulsified fat droplets -> lipase -> fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bile salts separate and coat smaller droplets of fat, which are hard to digest |
|
|
Term
| What function does the liver play in human digestion? |
|
Definition
| Removes excess glucose -> glycogen (stored as fat), nutrients -> new substances, toxins -> inactive products (excreted in urine) |
|
|
Term
| What function does the large intestine serve in human digestion? |
|
Definition
| 90% of water reabsorbed, feces become more solid |
|
|
Term
| Define: Respiratory Surface |
|
Definition
| Where gas exchange with the envirnment occurs in animals |
|
|
Term
| How does the shape of the respiratory surface affect function? |
|
Definition
| Large surface area, and thin, to promote maximum gas exchange. Shape provides high ratio of respiratory surface to body volume |
|
|
Term
| What adaptations do gills have to make them more effective? |
|
Definition
| Lamallae (single file blood cell capillaries), Countercurrent exchange, ventillation |
|
|
Term
| What is contercurrent exchange? |
|
Definition
| Blood flows in opposite direciton of water moving past gills, concentration gradient maintained that favors diffusion of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What is the circulatory system of insects like? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory surfave folded into body, narrow tubes helps retain moisture, small branching tubes of tracheal system directly exchange with body cells to reduce evaporation |
|
|
Term
| How did lungs evolve in aquatic animals? |
|
Definition
| First: push up and gulp air, Changes n neck/shoulder/girdle/limb, gills with lungs, size and complexity of lungs correated with metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| What is the progress of oxygen from outside to blood cells |
|
Definition
| Nostrils/mouth -> nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx (vocal cords) -> trachea (rings of cartilage reinforce walls) -> bronchi (one for each lung) -> bronchioles -> alveoli -> capillaries -> blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sheet of muscle that seperates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| How does Negative Pressure cause inhalation? |
|
Definition
| Ribs move up, diaphragm contracts and moves down, volume of lungs increase, lowers air pressure to < atmosphereic, air pulled in. |
|
|
Term
| How does Negative Pressure cause exhalation? |
|
Definition
| Ribs/diaphragm relax, decreasing lung volume, increase pressure in lungs, forces air out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of air breathed during maximal inhalation/exhalation |
|
|
Term
| What are some features of an open circulatory system |
|
Definition
| Fluid pumped through open ended vesels, body movements help circulate, fluid enters through several pores in heart with backflow valvces, no distinction between circulatory/interstital fluid |
|
|
Term
| What are some features of a closed circulatory system |
|
Definition
| blood confined to vessels, different from interstital fluid, arteries/veins, capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is the progress of a red blood cell from artieres to veins? |
|
Definition
| Arteries -> arterioles -> capillary beds -> venues -> veins |
|
|
Term
| How does double circulation differ from single circulation? |
|
Definition
| Single: swimming helps propel blood, one circuit of blood. Double: blood pumped second time after it looses pressure in lungs |
|
|
Term
| What are the two circuits of double circulation? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary: blood between heart/lungs, Systemic: blood between heart/body |
|
|
Term
| Why is a 4 champered heart important? |
|
Definition
| Supports high metabolic rates, endothermic animals use more energy as ectoderms of the same size |
|
|
Term
| What is the progress of a blood vessel from the RV to RA |
|
Definition
| RV->Pulmonary Arteries->Lungs->Pulmonary Vein->LA->LV->Aorta->body->vena cava->RA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood flows into heart from RA/LA, valves between open, vales away closed, 0.4 seconds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.1s contraction, fills ventricles, centricles contract for 0.3s, force closes AV values, opens semilunar valves and pumps out, blood flows into relaxed atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute |
|
|
Term
| What does the SA node do? |
|
Definition
| Sets the rate at which mulsces in heart contract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signals from SA spread through atria, contracting. Impulses pass to AV between RA/RV (delay 0.1s to ensure atria empty), mulscules relay signal to heart apex, up through walls, triggering contractions |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen/nutrients capillary->interstitial->tissue. Convey metabolic wastes to waste disposal organs |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of capillaries? |
|
Definition
| Thin wall of single layer epitheial cells, wrapped in thin basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| How do capillaries allow nutrients to pass out of them? |
|
Definition
| Nonpolar molecules diffuse out, larger carried in vesicles formed by endocytosis/exocytosis, pores/clefs allow water/small solutes to flow between them |
|
|
Term
| What are the four blood components? |
|
Definition
| Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood component. 55% of blood, 90% water, inorganic salts, keep pH 7.4, maintain osmotic balance between blood and interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erythrocytes, carry ocygen, shape creates large surface area across which O can diffuse, no nucleus, hemoglobin inside |
|
|
Term
| Define: White Blood Cells |
|
Definition
| Leukocytes, fight infection, mono/neutron are phagocytes that digest bacterial and debris from dead cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma protein fibrinogen platelets = sealants. |
|
|
Term
| How do platelets react to an injury? |
|
Definition
| Platelets adhere to exposed tissue, release chemicals (make sticky), cluster forms plug, clotting sets of chain reaction, formation of scab, fibrinogen->fibrin which reinforces plug -> fibrin clot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agent that causes disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of nonspecific defenses that are active immediately upon infection |
|
|
Term
| Describe some of the features of an invertebrates immune system |
|
Definition
| Solely on innate, exoskeleton, low pH, recognition proteins that bind to molecules found only on pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Describe some of the features of an vertebrates immune system |
|
Definition
| Skin, mucous, hair, innate (white blood cells), natural killer (NK) cells attack cancer/virus cells, interferons produced by virus infected cells help limit spread, complement system |
|
|
Term
| What is the Complement System? |
|
Definition
| 30 kinds of proteins that circulate in an inactive form in the body, can act together with other defense mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| Describe the progress of a virus infecting a cell |
|
Definition
| virus infects, interferon genes turned on, cell synthesises interferon, infected cell dies, interfereon may diffuse to healthy cells, stimulating them to produce proteins that inhibit virual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a bacterial infection brings an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response with high fever and low blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Describe how inflammation works |
|
Definition
| Damaged cells release histamine, makes blood vessels leaky, plasma leaks out, white blood cells eat bateria and cell remains, pus is dead WBCs, clotting proteins seal off region |
|
|
Term
| How does the lymphatic system react to infectious agents entering the blood stream? |
|
Definition
| Agent carried to lymphatic system, filters it out, filtered fluid recycled into circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| Return tissue fluid back to circulatory system and fight infection |
|
|
Term
| Why do the lymph nodes swell when someone is fighting infection? |
|
Definition
| Lymph circulates carrying microbes/toxins, ones inside lymph glands, macrophages engulf envaders, lymph nodes fill with defensive cells |
|
|
Term
| Define: adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
| A set of strong, specific, individual defenses found only in vertebrates acquired through previous history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that elicit adaptive immune response, may protrude from pathogens or other particles, or cell surfaces of transplanted organs |
|
|
Term
| What happens with the immune system detects an antigen? |
|
Definition
| Increase in number of cells that produce antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins found in blood plsma that attach to a particular kind of antigen that helps counter its affects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A harmless variant of a disease causing microbe, stimulates immune system to mount defenses, which will be effective against actual pathogen (learned adaptive immunity) |
|
|
Term
| How does an active response differ from a passive response? |
|
Definition
| Active is when the persons how immune system actively produces antibodies, passive is when the person recieves premade antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homeostatic control of the uptake and loss of water and solutes, dissolve substances such as salt and other ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals that have body fluids with a solute conentration equal to that of enviornment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals that have body fluids with a solute conentration different from that of enviornment |
|
|
Term
| How do saltwater fish balance water loss with water gain? |
|
Definition
| Loss: osmosis across body, gains salt by diffusion/food. Gain: takes in large amounts of water, pumps out salt through gills, produces small amount of concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| How to land animals balance water loss? |
|
Definition
| Waterproof shell, skin, lay eggs in moist area, eggs with tough waterproof shells, amniotic sac, drinking and eating moist foods, water from cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| In what form do aquatic animals dispose of wastes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what form do land animals dispose of wastes? |
|
Definition
| Converting ammonia to uera/uric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In liver, metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide, 100k x less toxic than ammonia |
|
|
Term
| What is uric acid and why do some land animals produce it? |
|
Definition
| Semisolid paste that is insolube in wa ter, avoids water loss |
|
|
Term
| How does reproduction effect what an animal produces as waste? |
|
Definition
| Urea can diffuse out of shellless egg, or be carried away from embryo in mothers blood, shells produced by birds are nonpermeable to liquid, uric acid can remain behind as harmess solid |
|
|
Term
| What is filtrate made of, in kindneys? |
|
Definition
| Water, urea, solutes: glucose, amino acods, ions, vitamins |
|
|
Term
| Describe how wastes move through the urinary system |
|
Definition
| Blood enteris via renal artery, exits via renal vein, urine leaves kindeys through ureter -> urinary bladder, |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the kindey |
|
Definition
| Outer renal cortex, inner renal medulla, nephrons |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of nephrons |
|
Definition
| Extrats small amount of filtrate, refines into urine. Bowmans capsule (ball of capillaries - glomerulus) and collecting duct (carries to renal penvis) |
|
|
Term
| How is filtrate extracted by nephrons |
|
Definition
| Blood pressure forces water and solutes across wall into tubule |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of a tubule? |
|
Definition
| proximal tube, loop of henle, distal tube |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and briefly describe the four processes in the urinary system |
|
Definition
| Filtration (forms filtrate), reabsorbtion (water reclaimed from filtrate), secretion (substances transported into filtrate, eliminates toxic substances), excretion (urine kidneys->uteters->… etc) |
|
|
Term
| What is the funciton of the proximal tubule? |
|
Definition
| Actively transports filtrate->interstital fluid, salt reabsorbed, water follows salt |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the loop of Henle |
|
Definition
| Reabsorbtion, presense of salt and urea maintains high concentration gradient, water leaves tuble because interstital fluid in medulla has higher solute concentration than filtrate |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the collecting duct? |
|
Definition
| Actively reabsorbs salt, in medulla permeable to urea and some leaks out, adding to concentration gradient, as filtrate moves through, more water reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that acts as a chemical signal, carried by circulatory system, made by endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made by endocrine systme, secreted into blood, travel to target cells with receptors for specific horones, single hormone can drastically change metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical that carries information from one nerve cell to another or from a nerve cell to another kind of cell that will react |
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages of hormone signalling? |
|
Definition
| Reception, signal transduction (convert signal) and response |
|
|
Term
| How are amino acid derived hormones different from steroid hormones? |
|
Definition
| AA: proteins/peptides/amines, Steroids: small lipid soluble molecules made from cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| Describe the amino acid derived hormone method |
|
Definition
| Water soluble hormone molecule binds to receptor, signal transduciton pathway (series of changes that converts external->internal signal), final relay molecule activates protein that carries out response |
|
|
Term
| Describe the steroid hormone method |
|
Definition
| Enters cell (diffusion), binds to open receptor protein in cytoplasm/nucelus, receptor carries out transduction, hormone receptor compelx attaches to sites, binding stimulates gene regulation |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones created in the pituitary |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin, ADH. Peptides, milk/contract uterus, promote water retention by kidneys. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones created in the anterior lobe |
|
Definition
| GH. PRL, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH. Protein/peptides, growth, milk, ova/sperm production, thyroid |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones created in the pineal |
|
Definition
| Melatonin: amine. Rythmic activities, monitored by light/dark cycles |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones created in the thyroid |
|
Definition
| T4 T3, Calcitonin, amine/peptide, metabolic processes and lower blood calcium |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones created in the parathyroid |
|
Definition
| PTH, peptide, raises blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones created in the thymus |
|
Definition
| Thymosin, amine, t cell development |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones created in the adrenal gland |
|
Definition
| Epinephrine, norinephrine, Steroids. Increases blood glucose, metabolic activities |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones created in the adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
| Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids. Steroids. Increase blood glucose, promote Na reabsorbtion |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones created in the pancreas |
|
Definition
| Insulin, glucagon, proteins, lower/raise blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones created in the testes |
|
Definition
| androgens, steroid, sperm formation, make sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hormones created in the ovaries |
|
Definition
| extrogens, progesterone, steroid, uterine growth, female sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| List the types of asexual reproduction |
|
Definition
| Budding, fission, fragementation, regeneration |
|
|
Term
| How is asexual reproduction advantageous? |
|
Definition
| Allows animals in isolation to quickly breed without mates, enables fast breeding, effective for animals well-suited to an environment |
|
|
Term
| How is asexual reproduction disadvantageous? |
|
Definition
| Produces genetically uniform populations (potato famine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fusion of two haploid (n) sex cells (gametes) to form diploid (2n) zygote |
|
|
Term
| How is sexual reproduction advantageous? |
|
Definition
| Genetic variation, allows greater adaptations to changing enviornments |
|
|
Term
| What is dual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| When ample food, reproduce asexually - when conditions start to change, switch to sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
| How is hermaphroditism advantageous? |
|
Definition
| Twice as many offspring since every individual is a potential mate, both donate/receive sperm |
|
|
Term
| How is external fertalization different from internal? |
|
Definition
| External: discharge gametes into water, internal: sperm deposited in or close to female reproductive tract and gametes unite within |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells multiply (mitosis), primary spermatocytes (meiosis cells) undergo: meiosis I -> 2 secondary spermatocytes (n) which undergo meoisis II -> 4 cells (n) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dormant primary oocyte (prophase I), FSH causes meiosis I done, meosis II -> meoisis II stops at metaphase II. |
|
|
Term
| How is oogenesis different from spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Females start with all eggs in body at birth, oogenesis produces 3 polar bodies, only 1 full cell. Oogenesis happens once a month, not always. If secondary oocyte fertalized, meoisis II completed |
|
|
Term
| What happens at the end of oogenesis? |
|
Definition
| LH triggers ovulation, rupture of follicle and release of secondary oocute. Ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum, which degenerates unless fertalized |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of a sperm cell |
|
Definition
| Head with nucelus (n), tipped with acrosome (enzymes to enter egg), middle piece has mitochondira, sperm absorbs nutrients from semen, mitochondria provides ATP for tail movement |
|
|
Term
| What would happen if two sperm somehow entered an egg? |
|
Definition
| Too many chromosomes - would kill zygote |
|
|
Term
| Describe how fertalization happens |
|
Definition
| Contact of sperm causes enzyme cloud from acrosome, digest cavity in jelly coat, plasma membranes fuse |
|
|
Term
| What features prevent cross species fertalization? (Cellular level) |
|
Definition
| Species specific pr otein molecule on surface of egg/sperm, plasma membrane becomes impenetrable after fusion, vitelline layer becomes impenetrable shortly after |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rabid sucession of cell division that pr oduces a ball of cells from zygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled cavity in middle of zygote during clevage |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a blastula? |
|
Definition
| Creates multicellular embryo, organizing process - partitioning multiceullar embryo into developmental regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells take up new locations that will allow for formation of all organs and tissues |
|
|
Term
| What does the blastula look like after gastrula? |
|
Definition
| Ectoderm (nervous system/skin), endoderm (digestive track), mesoderm (organs) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of gastrulation |
|
Definition
| Small groove (blastopore), future endoderm cells move inward, future ectoderm cells move downward over surface, future mesoderm cells spread in thin layer inside |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a notochord? |
|
Definition
| Provides support for developing tissues, will later function as core around which mesodermal cells gather and form backbone |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a neural plate |
|
Definition
| Becomes brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of somites? |
|
Definition
| Blocks of mesoderm that will give rise to segmental structures - vertebrae, muscles of backbone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nerve cells that transmit signals from one location in the body to another |
|
|
Term
| What parts make up the CNS and PNS? |
|
Definition
| CNS: brain, spinal cord. PNS: nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Communication line consisting of a bundle of nerouns tightly wrapped in connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clusters of neuron cell bodies (only in PNS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conduction of singals from sensory receptors to CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Analysis and interpretation of sensory signals and formulation of appropirate responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conduction of singals from integration centers to effector cells |
|
|
Term
| What do sensory neurons do? |
|
Definition
| Convey signals from sensory receptors to CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Integrate data and replay appropriate singlas to other interneurons or motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Knee Jerk reaction |
|
Definition
| Sensory receptors detect stretched muscle, conveys to spinal cord-> CNS-> Motor neuron/interneuron, quad muscle responds to motor signal by contracting, motor neuron inhibits flexor muscle |
|
|
Term
| List the parts of a neuron |
|
Definition
| Dendrie, axon, gila, mylein shealth, nodes of Renvier, synaptic terminal, synapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons and convey information to cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extension that is much longer than dendrite and transmits singals to other cells |
|
|
Term
| What are Gila and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Supporting cells. Nourish neurons, help maintain homeostasis of extracellular fluid surrounding neurons |
|
|
Term
| Why is the mulein shealth important? |
|
Definition
| Speeds up reaction time 10x |
|
|
Term
| What are the Nodes of Ranvier |
|
Definition
| Gaps between Swann cells in Axon |
|
|
Term
| What are Synaptic Terminals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Junction between synaptic terminal and another cell |
|
|
Term
| What is potential energy? |
|
Definition
| Energy a resting neuron has that can be put to work sending signals. Exsists as an electrical charge different across neurons plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| Why does resting potential exist? |
|
Definition
| Differences in ionic composition of fluids inside and outside neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in membrane voltage that transmits nerve signal along axon |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between threshold |
|
Definition
| The minimum charge in membrane voltage that must occur to generate action potential |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the threshold is reached? |
|
Definition
| Action potential triggered, membrane polarity reverses, interior becoming positive compared to outside, rapidly repolarizes as volrage drops, returns to resting potential |
|
|
Term
| Explain what happens when a stimulus acts on an axon |
|
Definition
| Tiny amount of Na enters-> inside less negative. If strong stimulus, Na channels open->threshold. More Na channels open, voltage soars, Na gates close, K gates open, K diffuses out. |
|
|
Term
| In what directions do Na and K move in a resting neuron? |
|
Definition
| Na is more concentrated outside, flows in. K is more concentrated inside, flows out. Resting membrane has many open K channels, few open Na channels |
|
|
Term
| How can the membrane potential of an neuron change? |
|
Definition
| Membranes permeability to particular ions changes |
|
|
Term
| What are sodium-potassium pumps? |
|
Definition
| A form of active transport in neurons that uses ATP to transport Na and K out of a neuron, helps maintain resting potential |
|
|
Term
| How can action potential be generated in a domino effect? |
|
Definition
| Local spreding of electical charges cause neibouring regions to reach threshold, triggering Na channels opening. Second action potential generate. |
|
|
Term
| What is an Electrical Synapse? |
|
Definition
| Current flows from neuron to receiving cell which is stimulated quickly and at the same frequency of action potentisl as sending neuron |
|
|
Term
| What is a Chemical Synapse? |
|
Definition
| Narrow cleft prevents spreading action potential, converted to chemical signal (neurotransmitter) in synaptic vesicles |
|
|
Term
| How do Chemical Synapses work? |
|
Definition
| Action potential causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane, releases neurotransmitter (exocytosis), diffuses across synaptic cleft, binds to receptors in receiving cells ion channel proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffuse web like system of interconnected neurons extending throughout body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary trend toward concentration of nervous system at the head end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of CNS distinct from PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elongated bundles of neurons that control animals movements |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the brain? |
|
Definition
| master control center of nervous system that includes homeostatic centers that integrate data from sense organs and is the center of emotion and intellect |
|
|
Term
| Define: blood-brain barrier |
|
Definition
| selective mechanism whereby essential nutrients and oxygen pass into brain but keep out wastes. Maintains stable chemical environment for brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid filled spaces in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Narrow area inside spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Define: Cerebrospinal Fluid |
|
Definition
| Formed in brain by blood filtration, cushions CNS and assists in supplying nutrient and hormones and removing wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layers of connective tissue that protect brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| How is white matter different from grey matter? |
|
Definition
| White matter is composed of axons, grey matter is composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the ANS |
|
Definition
| Regulates internal environment by controlling smooth and cardiac muscles and the organs and glands of the digestive/cardiovascular/execretory and endocrine systems |
|
|
Term
| What is the Parasympathetic system responsible for? |
|
Definition
| Primes body for activities that gain/conserve energy. Stimulate digestive organs/salivary glands/stomach, decrease heart rate, increase glycogen production |
|
|
Term
| What is the sympathetic system responsible for? |
|
Definition
| Prepares body for intense, energy-consuming activities. Digestive organs inhibited, bronchi dilate (more air can pass through), heart rate increases, liver increases glucose, adrenal glands secrete nore/epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What is the eneteric system? |
|
Definition
| Networks of neurons in digestive tract, pancrease and gallbladder |
|
|
Term
| What is the eneteric system responsible for? |
|
Definition
| Secretion of activity of smooth muscles that produce peristalsis, normally regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| List some features of a Monocot |
|
Definition
| One seed leaf, orchids/bamboo/grasses, parallel veins, vascular tissue in scattered bundles, petals in mult. 3, shallow fibrous roots, excellent ground cover that reduces erosion |
|
|
Term
| List some features of a Dicot |
|
Definition
| Two seed leaves, most evolutionarily related, flowering shrubs/trees, multibranched network of veins in leaves, vascular bundles in rings, petals in x4/5, taproot, well adjusted to deep groundwater soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Embryonic leaves, seed leaves |
|
|
Term
| List the two systems a plant body is composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the root system |
|
Definition
| Anchors plant, absorbs and transports minerals/water, stores food, root hairs increase surface area for absorbtion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| apical bud at apex has developing leaves and compact series of nodes and internodes. Produces hormones that inhibit growth of auxiliary bud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one in each of angles formed by leaf and stem, usually dormant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by concentrating resources on growing taller, this is an evolutionary adaptation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue that contains water conducting cells that convey water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue that contains cells that transport sugars and other organic nutrients from leaves or storage tissues to other parts of the plant |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Dermal tissue in plants? |
|
Definition
| Plants outer covering, first line of defense |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of vascular tissue in plants? |
|
Definition
| Xylem/Phloem tissues, support and long distance transport between root/shoot system, |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of ground tissue? |
|
Definition
| Pith (internal to vascular tissue), Cortex (external to vascular tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny pores in epidermis that allow exchange of co2 and o2 between surrounding air and photosynthetic cells inside leaf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two tiny cells that regulate the opening and closing of stoma by changing shape |
|
|
Term
| Define: Endodermis (plants) |
|
Definition
| innermost layer of cortex, one cell thick, selective barrier that deteremines which substances pass between rest of cortex and vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cortex cells? |
|
Definition
| Store food as starch and take up minerals that have entered root through epidermis |
|
|
Term
| How do plant cells differ from animal cells? |
|
Definition
| Chloroplasts, central vacule, cell wall of cellulose, primary/secondary cell wall, pits where cell wall is thin, plasmodesmata, where cytoplasma and molecules can flow between cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of plant cells? |
|
Definition
| Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, tracheids, vessel elements, sieve-tube elements |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Parenchyma cells |
|
Definition
| most abundant, one thin primary cell wall, perform metabolic functions of plant, can divide/differentiate into other types of plant cells under certain conditions |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Collenchyma cells |
|
Definition
| Lack secondary cell wall, unevenly thick primary walls. Flexible support in actively growing parts of plant, young stems and petioles |
|
|
Term
| List some features of sclerenchyma cells |
|
Definition
| Thick secondary walls with lignin, cannot elongate, found only in areas that have stopped growing, when mature most are dead, forming rigid support skeleton |
|
|
Term
| List and (breifly) describe the two types of sclerenchyma cells |
|
Definition
| Fibre (long/slender, bundle arrangement) Sclereids (shorter/thick, hard 2ndary walls, impoart hardness to shells and seed coats) |
|
|
Term
| List some features of Tracheid cells |
|
Definition
| Long, thin, tapered ends. Chains with overlapping ends form system of tubes, hollow because dead when mature, water passes through pits in walls, thick, rigid walls function in support |
|
|
Term
| List some features of vessel element cells |
|
Definition
| wide, shorter, less tapered |
|
|
Term
| List some features of sieve-tube element cells |
|
Definition
| food conducting, end-to-end, phloem tissue tubes, alive at maturity, reduction in cell conents enables nutrients to pass easily through, end walls (sieve plates) allow fluid to flow through |
|
|
Term
| How is determinant growth different from indeterminant? |
|
Definition
| Indeterminant allows a plant to continously grow, while determinant means the plant ceases growing after it reaches a certain size |
|
|
Term
| How are annulas/biennials/perennials different? |
|
Definition
| Annual: complete lifecycle in 1 year or less, Bi: complete lifecycle in 2 years, flowering and seeds in 2nd, pere: live and reproduce for many years (trees, grasses) |
|
|
Term
| How are meristem cells important? |
|
Definition
| They are undifferentiated cells that divide when conditions permit, generating additional cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a root cap? |
|
Definition
| Protects delicate, actively dividing cells of apical meristem |
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages of primary growth? |
|
Definition
| Zone of: cell division (root apical meristem), elongation (cells elongate, root tip pushes into soil), differentiation (cells differentiate into primary xylem/phloem) |
|
|
Term
| What causes an increase in thickness of stems and roots? |
|
Definition
| The activity of dividing cells in tissues called lateral meristems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cylinder of meristem cells one cell thick between primary xylem/phloem |
|
|
Term
| Why are tree rings visible/a function of age? |
|
Definition
| Inactivity of plants growth during winter causes clear mark distinguishing years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meristem tissue called cork cambium is passed outwards and falls off |
|
|
Term
| What is bark and what is it made of? |
|
Definition
| Everything external to vascular cambium, made of secondary phloem/cork cambium/cork |
|
|
Term
| What is heartwood and why is it resistant to rotting? |
|
Definition
| Layers of old secondary xylem, clogged with resin |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the sporophyte? |
|
Definition
| Produces special structures in which cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores. Dominant generation |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the gametophyte |
|
Definition
| Generation that produces gametes by mitosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the triploid cell in angisperm reproduction? |
|
Definition
| Give rise to food storing endosperm |
|
|
Term
| How is seed dormancy an adaptation? |
|
Definition
| Allows long periods of waiting between end of maturation and germination |
|
|
Term
| How does an ovule turn into a seed (angiosperm reproduction)? |
|
Definition
| Seed stockpiles proteins/oils/starches, zygote->2 cells (mitosis)->near end of maturation seed looses most of water and forms hard seed coat |
|
|
Term
| Compare eudicot/monocot seed production |
|
Definition
| E- elongated embryo, two cotyledons, no endosperm, root develops below cotyledon attachment point M-large endosperm, single thin cotyledon, embryonic root and shoot have protective shealth |
|
|
Term
| Describe eudicot seed germination |
|
Definition
| Embryonic root emerges, grows down. Shoot emerges and hook forms near tip, protects shoot by holding it down, as shoot breaks through, tip lifted, first foliage leaves emerge |
|
|
Term
| Describe monocot seed germination |
|
Definition
| Protective shealth pushes up and breaks soil, shoot tip grows up through shealth tunnel, cotyledon remains in soil and decomposes |
|
|
Term
| Define: Population Ecology |
|
Definition
| Changes in population size and factors that regulate populations over time |
|
|
Term
| Define: Population density |
|
Definition
| number of individuals of a species per unit area of volume |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the three dispersion patterns |
|
Definition
| Clumped (individuals in patches, common), uniform (even, may compete for resources), random (unpredictable, wind dispersion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ways to track survivorship, chance of an individual living to a certain age |
|
|
Term
| Define: Survivorship curves |
|
Definition
| plot survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the three survivorship curves |
|
Definition
| I (few offpring, most live long), II (intermediate, constant over lifespan), III (low survivorship for young, period of high survivorship) |
|
|
Term
| Explain the exponential pattern model |
|
Definition
| BG=rn (growth rate, population size, per capita rate of increase). An idealized picture of unlimited population growth (ie: rabbits) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| environmental factors that restrict population growth |
|
|
Term
| Explain the logistics growth model |
|
Definition
| G = rn ( [k-n] / k) (k is carrying capacity) Description of idealized population growth slowed by limiting factors as population size increases |
|
|
Term
| List some factors that may limit growth |
|
Definition
| Density-dependant (related to population density), Intraspecific competition (between same species), available space, density-independent (not related to density) |
|
|
Term
| What are boom and bust cycles? Provide an example |
|
Definition
| Booms (rapid exponential growth) followed by busts (populations falling to a minimal level). Example: Lynx and rabbits |
|
|
Term
| Name some traits that effect an organisms schedule of reproduction/death |
|
Definition
| Age/frequency of (first) reproduction, # offspring, amount parental care |
|
|
Term
| What are K and R selection? |
|
Definition
| K = large bodied, long lived animals have this because population size is near carrying capacity. R= short bodied/lived animals have this because per capita rate of increase is maximized |
|
|
Term
| Describe the intracellular route that nutrients can take in plants |
|
Definition
| Water/solutes cross cell wall and plasma membrane, cells connected by plasmodesmata. Once inside, solution can move inward cell-cell, discarges solution into phloem, enters xylem |
|
|
Term
| Describe the extracellular route that nutrients can take in plants |
|
Definition
| Solution moves within hydrophillic walls, does not enter cytoplasm. Caspiarna strip stops solution, forcing plasma membrane cross into endodermal, ion selection then discharged into xylem |
|
|
Term
| What does xylem sap move through? |
|
Definition
| Tracieids and vessel elements |
|
|
Term
| Describe how xylem is PUSHED upward |
|
Definition
| Roots push up, root cells actively pump inorganic ions into xylem, as endermis holds them, water enters by osmosis, pushing sap up. Root pressure can push a few meters |
|
|
Term
| Describe how xylem is PULLED upward |
|
Definition
| Water diffuses out of stoma. Cohesion: Forms strings of water within xylem, leaves to roots. Adhesion: water molecules adhere to hydrophillic cellulose molecules in xylem cell walls |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by "transpiration-cohesion-tension-machine"? |
|
Definition
| Transpiration exerts a pull on a tense unbroken chain of water molecules that is held together by cohesion and helped upward by adhesion |
|
|
Term
| How does a guard cell open? |
|
Definition
| When it gains potassium ions and water from neighboring cells, becoems turgid, cellulose molecules make cell buckle away from other cuard cell, increased gap |
|
|
Term
| Name three cues that contribute to stomata opening at dawn |
|
Definition
| Light stimulates guard cells to accumulate K , low level of CO2 same effect, biological clock in guard cells |
|
|
Term
| What does phloem move through? |
|
Definition
| Sieve tube elements, connected cytoplasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plant organ that is a net producer of sugar by photosynthesis or breakdown of starch (leaves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar |
|
|
Term
| In which direction does phloem travel |
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Definition
| Building of water pressure at source end of phloem tube and reduction of pressure at source end cause phloem sap to flow from source to sink, down water gradient |
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Term
| Describe how sugar moves from a source to a sink |
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Definition
| (source) sugar->phloem tube (active xport), high solute concentration->raises water pressure (sink) sugar and water leave, lowering sugar concentration at sink, water follows, lowering water pressure |
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Term
| How are aphids useful in studying phloem? |
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Definition
| Can sever them from a stylus to get a small hole that will drop phloem for hours |
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Term
| Define: Essential Element |
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Definition
| A chemical element, if a plant must obtain it from its environment to complete its life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| a method in which plants are grown without soil in a mineral solution, air bubbled through. By omitting a particular element, a researcher can test whether its essential |
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Term
| Name the 6 essential macronutrients |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 nonessential macronutrients |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cl, Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper, Nickel, Molybdenum. Used as cofactors |
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Term
| List some features of topsoil |
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Definition
| Rock, particles, living organisms, humus, large surfae area that retains water forms air pockets, home to large amount of bacteria, algae, fungi, aerate soil |
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Term
| Describe the three horizons of topsoil |
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Definition
| A (plants branch) B (plants extend, fewer organisms, less organic matter, fine clay/nutrients) C (mostly broken down rock serves as parent for upper layers) |
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Term
| What is Cation exchange in plant roots? |
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Definition
| root hairs take up positively charged ions, root hairs release H cations into soil, which displace cations in clay so root hairs can absorb them |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth response that results in plant organs curving toward or away from a stimulus |
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Term
| What results were found in the trophism experiment of Darwin Son? |
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Definition
| No curving: removed tip, opaque tip, opaque sheild at base. Curving: transparent cap at tip |
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Term
| What did the Went experiment propose? |
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Definition
| Uneven distribution of auxin moving down from shoot causes cells on the darker side of the plant to elongate faster, causing curving towards light source |
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Term
| Name the 5 types of plant hormones discussed |
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Definition
| Auxins, Cytokins, Gibberellins, ABA, Ethylene |
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Term
| What is the function of Auxins and where are they found? |
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Definition
| Promotes seedling elongation, as it moves down it stimulates elongation. Meristems of epical buds, young leaves |
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Term
| What is the function of Cytokins and where are they found? |
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Definition
| Promote cytokinesis, enhance division/growth of parent cells, made in roots and travel in xylem sap |
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Term
| What is the function of Gibberellins and where are they found? |
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Definition
| Stimulate cell elongation/division in stems/leaves, helps germination, found in meristems of apical buds/roots, young leaves. Embryos |
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Term
| What is the function of ABAs and where are they found? |
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Definition
| Inhibit growth, close stoma during water stress, maintain dormancy. Found in leaves, stems, roots, green fruits |
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Term
| What is the function of Ethylene and where is it found? |
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Definition
| Promotes ripening, opposed auxin effects, found in ripening fruits, nodes of stems, aging leaves and flowers |
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Term
|
Definition
| scientific study of interactions of organisms with their environment |
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Term
| What is the hierarchy of levels of study in biology? |
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Definition
| Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Landscapes, Biosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| region surrounding the equator between tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn. |
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Term
| Where are the temperate zones? |
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Definition
| Between the trophics and the arctic/antarctic |
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Term
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Definition
| major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water |
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Term
| How are prevailing winds created? |
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Definition
| Combined rising and falling of air and earths rotation |
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Term
| Name and briefly (1 word) describe the aquatic biomes |
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Definition
| Pelagic (open water), Benthic (sea floor), Photic (light penetration), Aphotic (below Photic), Continental shelves (shallow areas), Intertidal (ocean/land), Estuary (freshwater stream/ocean), wetlands (aquatic/terrestrial) |
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Term
| Name the terrestrial biomes |
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Definition
| Tropical forest, savanna, desert, charparral, temperate grassland, temperate broadleaf forest, conferious forest, arctic tundra, polar ice (TTT SDC CAP) |
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Term
| Name some features of a Tropical Forrest |
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Definition
| Warm, 11-12 hour days, humid, ^ rain, poor soil, rapid decomp/absorbtion which is why soil is poor after deforrestation |
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Term
| Name some features of a Savanna |
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Definition
| Warm, grasses/trees, 12-20" rain, poor soil, much seasonal variation, frequent fires means less trees, good for grasses that survice fires underground |
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|
Term
| Name some features of a Desert |
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Definition
| <12" rain, between mountains, can be very hot/cold, heavy rain triggers dermination, overgrazing causing desertification |
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|
Term
| Name some features of a Charparral |
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Definition
| Dense, spiny shrubs, occasional fiers, plants burn fiercily, shrubs use food reserves stored in roots to rapidly grow, some species will only germinate after hot fire |
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Term
| Name some features of a Temperate Grassland |
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Definition
| Mostly trees, regions of cold winter temperatures, 10-30" rain with periodic severe droughts, fires and grazing inhibit growth of woody plants |
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Term
| Name some features of a Temperate Broadleaf Forest |
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Definition
| N. Hemis. Decidious trees (drop leaves), can have very cold winters, very hot summers, 30-60" rain, soil rich in nutrients |
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|
Term
| Name some features of a coniferous forest |
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Definition
| cone bearing ever green trees, long cold winters and short wet summers, soil thin and acidic betcause needles decompose slowly |
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Term
| Name some features of the arctic tundra biome |
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Definition
| Extremely cold with little light fot autum/winter, permafrost, little rain, during breif summers plants burst and grow rapidly, lack of trees because of short growing season, high wind and permafrost |
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|
Term
| Name some features of a polar ice biome |
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Definition
| north of tundra, extremely cold year roumd, low rain, feeding for polar bears, resting/breeding for marine biome inhabitants |
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|
Term
| Define: Interspecific Interactions |
|
Definition
| Relationships with individuals of other species in the community that greatly affect population structure and dynamics. Can be helpful/harmful |
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|
Term
| Define: Intraspecific competition |
|
Definition
| when populations of two different species compete for the same limited resources (desert plants for water) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Neg on both. Ecological niche – the sum of each species in a community’s use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment. Lowers carrying capacity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pos for both. Plant roots and mychorrzia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Neg for 1. Benefits predator, kills prey. Predator avoidance has evolved through natural selection - color/chemical/mechanical |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Neg for 1. Not fatal, plant must expend energy to replace loss. Many adaptations to prevent (morphine, mescaline, thorns) |
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Term
| Describe: Parasites/Pathogens (interspecific interaction) |
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Definition
| Neg for 1. Parasites live in/on host, feed on blood or body fluids, effects can be enourmous |
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Term
|
Definition
| reciprocal evolutionary adaptations, occurs when changes in one species acts as a new selective force on another and resulting adaptations in turn effect the selection of individuals in the first species |
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|
Term
| Define: Trophic structure |
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Definition
| pattern of feeding relationships consisting of several different levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consumers that derive energy from detritus, dead material produced at all trophic levels. Scavengers, decomposters |
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Term
| Provide an example of a land/water animal at each level in the trophic structure |
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Definition
| Producer (plant/phyto plankton). 1ary consumer (grasshopper/zooplankton), 2ndary consumer (mouse/herring) 3ary consumer (snake/tuna) 4ary consumer (hawk/killer whale) |
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Term
| Why is monoculture dangerous? |
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Definition
| can cause terrible disasters (potato famine) because parasites that feed on one host have it easy |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of different species in a community |
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|
Term
| Define: Relative Abundance |
|
Definition
| the proportional representation of a species in a community |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of living organic material in an ecosystem |
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|
Term
| Define: Primary production |
|
Definition
| amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy by an ecosystems producers for a given area and during a given time period |
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|
Term
| Why does energy loss increase up the trophic levels? |
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Definition
| Producers convert only about 1% of the energy in the sunlight available, 10% of energy available at each becomes incorporated into next higher level, 80-95% never transfers |
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|
Term
| Compare and contrast plants and fungi |
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Definition
| Food (absorption/ingestion), cell (eukaryote), function (decomposer, consumer) |
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|
Term
| Compare and contrast plants and animals |
|
Definition
| Food (hetero/auto), cell (eukaryote - plant/animal), role (producer, consumer) |
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|
Term
| Why are humans Chordates? |
|
Definition
| When fetal: post anal tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal gill slits |
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Term
| Are annelids and arthropods the only segmented groups? |
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Definition
| No! Chordates are as well, because ribs and vertebrae are segmented. |
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Term
| What is the angiosperm equivalent of a gymnosperm pollen cone? |
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Definition
| Anther, as it contains microsporangia (sperm) |
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|
Term
| Why are lungs advantageous over gills? |
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Definition
Water holds less dissolved oxygen
Air is less dense, easier to ventilate |
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|
Term
| What are three angiosperm evolutionary adaptations? |
|
Definition
Covered Seeds
Endosperm
Pollen tube |
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|
Term
| Why is plant health so dependant on soil quality? |
|
Definition
Essential nutrients required or fitness goes down
Cannot generate missing components from one that are in another (cannot get oxygen from soil, or nutrients from air) |
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|
Term
| Why do plants need to balance sugar and water? |
|
Definition
Loose water through leaves
Need for water is the cost of making food
Water allows CO2 to enter into leaves |
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|
Term
| Compare/Contrast angiosperms/gymnosperms |
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Definition
Reproduction (anther/ovary vs male/female cone)
Internal vs external reproduction
Angiosperms use animals/wind as xfer media, gymnosperms use wind
Both use wind and animals as dispersion media
Both have dip/haploid generations for reproduction/growth |
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|
Term
| Animals that are segmented with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton (Arachnid, Crustacean, Insect) are.... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| List some features of Moss |
|
Definition
| Bryophyta. Dominant phase is Gametophyte. |
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|
Term
| Which group are fungi closest to, bacteria, green plants or animals? |
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Definition
| Bacteria, because they use extracellular digestion to obtain nutrients |
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Term
| Compare mosses, ferns, angiosperms |
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Definition
| M/F have independent gametophyte generations, M/F dep on water for sperm xfer, M/F produce single size of spore, F/A both have vascular tissue, F/A have shoot/root apical meristems |
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|
Term
| Why do animals need a continuous supply of oxygen? |
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Definition
| Without it, animals cannot obtain enough energy from their food |
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|
Term
| What are the four types of tissues |
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Definition
| Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
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|
Term
| Where do sperm undergo meiosis |
|
Definition
| Walls of seminiferous tubules |
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|
Term
| List the progress of a blood cell through the body |
|
Definition
| Lung capillary, pulmonary vein, LA, LV, aorta, arterioles, tissue capillaries, venues, veins, RA, RV, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary arterioles, lung capillary |
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|
Term
| What is the progress of water into a root? |
|
Definition
| Root hair, cortex, xylem, endodermis |
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|
Term
| What are the plant tissues and what do they do? |
|
Definition
Dermal (outside protection, regulates transpiration)
Vascular (xylem xports water from root-shoot, phloem xports photosynthates from shoot-root in summer, root-shoot in spring)
Ground (chloroplast carry out photosynthesis, cell with thick walls provide support) |
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|
Term
| What are sieve-tube members responsible for? |
|
Definition
| phloem cells that are responsible for the transport of photosynthates from the leaves to the roots in the summer months and from the roots to the leaves in the spring. |
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|
Term
| What are parenchyma cells responsible for? |
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Definition
| store sugars as starch, photosynthetic and produce sugars |
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|
Term
| What are tracheids responsible for? |
|
Definition
| xylem cells that transport water from the root system to the shoots and leaves. |
|
|
Term
| Which process increases the height of a tree? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phloem sap consists mainly of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dew, fog, high humidity, and rainfall mostly affect vascular plants by _____. |
|
Definition
| reducing the transpiration rate. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediate phototrophic responses of shoots |
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|
Term
| How much energy does each level (producer, p. consumer, s. consumer, t. consumer) get from the level under it? |
|
Definition
Producers transform 1m kcal into 10k kcal (1%)
P. consumers transform 10% (1000 kcal)
S. Consumers transform 10% (100 kcal)
T Consumers transform 10% (10 kcal) |
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|
Term
| List the levels of organization in an ecosystem from most to least inclusive |
|
Definition
| ecosystem, community, population, individual |
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|
Term
| In ecosystems, the flow of ________ is one-way, while ________ are constantly cycled |
|
Definition
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