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Biogeography
biogeography is stupid
34
Biology
Undergraduate 3
09/19/2011

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Term
background extinction
Definition
incidental loss of species caused by local factors (habitat change, predation)
Term
mass extinction
Definition
simultaneous, catastrophic, and global loss of species from many groups
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
same body forms appearing in multiple orders
Term
phylogeny
Definition
species' evolutionary pasts
Term
earth history
Definition
evolutionary past of regions of occupancy
Term
island rule
Definition
smaller mammals on islands are larger than close relatives on mainland (insular gigantism). Why? Small mammals do not face as many predators -> more sexual selection for larger size.

large mammals show opposite trend (insular dwarfism)
Term
Rapoport's rule
Definition
latitidinal breadth of species ranges increases from equator to poles
Term
Bergmann's rule
Definition
body sizes increase with latitude, due to increased heat-conserving capacity of large critters (SA:V)
Term
Allen's rule
Definition
in cold, environments, appendages are shorter than hot environments to minimize heat loss
Term
Gloger's rule
Definition
Pelage colors are darker in humid areas than dry areas
Term
mayr's rules
Definition
populations in warm areas have less underfur and shorter guard hairs

litter sizes are higher in cool climates
Term
lattitudinal gradient
Definition
species diversity decreases from equator to poles because of constant season -> more energy available

earliest ecological pattern described

not consistent with marine mammals
Term
elevational gradient
Definition
diversity decreases with increasing elevation -> decreased productivity, lower area at higher elevations, refugia?
Term
biogeography
Definition
the study of geographical distributions of organisms, their habitats, and the historical and biological factors that produce them
Term
mammalian zoogeography is special because...
Definition
1. mammals lack dispersal abilities of birds and insects

2. mammals radiated while continents were separating

3. distributions are strongly influenced by climate, glaciations, sea level fluctuations, and humans
Term
species range
Definition
complete area of earth over which an individual species occurs, obtained from museum records and locality info
Term
endemism
Definition
the restriction of a species' range to a certain area, or lack thereof
Term
disjunct distributions
Definition
gaps in the range of related species or clades, or lack thereof
Term
historical biogeography
Definition
changes in species ranges over time: enedmism and disjunct distributions
Term
ecological biogeography
Definition
focuses on current distributions of species interactions and their environments (If A then B), species richness
Term
species richness
Definition
variability of species within a region
Term
diversity
Definition
account for individuals of each species
Term
What was Wegner's evidence for continental drift?
Definition
1. fit of opposing continental shelf edges
2. disjunction of enemism of fossils
3. shrinking orange hypothesis: as the earth cools, it shrinks -> inner is more pliable than outer, causing buckles -> mountain ranges (not random, curvilinear)

not accepted because people didn't understand movement
Term
Dietz and Hess
Definition
Plate tectonics:

heat from earth's core radiates outwards, creating convection cells in molten rock

molten material from core pushes to surface at mid-ocean ridges and pushes crust laterally, driving plate movement
Term
vicariance
Definition
event that isolates two groups from one another
Term
founder effect
Definition
when a less common member of a species is isolated, creating a new population that reflects the less common trait from the old population
Term
allopatric speciation
Definition
physical separation that creates isolation

most common method of speciation among mammals
Term
corridor route
Definition
provides minimal resistance to passage between two areas (europe/asia connection)
Term
filter route
Definition
a dispersal route that allows some taxa to pass, but blocks others (size limiting door way)
Term
sweepstakes dispersal
Definition
dispersal by flying or rafting

low probability of success
Term
passive dispersal
Definition
individuals have no active role
Term
active dispersal
Definition
individuals move by their own locomotion
Term
ecological dispersal
Definition
movement of an organism from one area to another during its lifetime
Term
species dispersal
Definition
extention of a species through active and passive dispersal
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