Term
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Definition
| Increasing concentration of organic pollutants and metals upwards along the trophic cascade |
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Term
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Definition
| Trade and interaction between continents when new ideas/products/agriculture/diseases were exchanged |
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Term
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Definition
| Species living outside its nativerange having been moved to its new location by either deliberate or accidental human activity |
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Term
| "Law" of Unintended Consequences |
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Definition
| Human intervention in complex systems tends to create unanticipated (and sometimes undesireable) outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Intriduced species that has an adverse effect of the economy, environment, or ecology of the area |
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Term
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Definition
- Bighead/Asian Carp
- Zebra Mussel
- Emerald Ash Borrer
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Term
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Definition
- Burmese Python
- Buffel Grass
- Cane Toad
- Asian Carp
- Emerald Ash Borer
- Kudzu
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Term
| Traits of a Successful Invasive Species |
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Definition
- Reproduce quickly and produce many viable offspring
- Disperse Rapidly
- Tolerate a wide range of environments
- Stable association with humans
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Term
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Definition
| Cooler, darker areas on the sun's surface (area surrounding sunspots emits higher than normal energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Every eleven years sunspots go from low to high to low again |
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Term
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Definition
| Average amount of energy received from the sun |
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Term
| Carbon Dioxide vs Water Vapor |
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Definition
| Water vapor traps more heat, but carbon dioxide has a residence time of five years, and the effects last for 35-95 years (as opposed to water, which is 9 days) |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has slowly been increasing and it is letting less heat energy out of our atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| Sets of mathematical equations that simulate the Earth's climate |
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Term
| Future Climate Predictions |
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Definition
| Average surface temp will increase between 3.2 and 7.2 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
Frozen sea water floating on surface of the ocean
- Has a distinct seasonal rhythm
- Has been diminishing
- Young ice more prevelent now
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Term
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Definition
| Output of the system acts in the same direction as the input |
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Term
| Potitive Feedback of Sea Ice Melting |
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Definition
Warm up oceanàLess iceàExposed wateràLow albedoàWarm up ocean
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Term
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Definition
| Measure of reflectivity and describes amount of solar energy reflected back into space (ice is high, water is low) |
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Term
| How changing temp affects organisms |
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Definition
Spring green up starts earlier each year
Plants and pollinators may move out of synch (plants bloom before bees mature) |
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Term
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Definition
Climate: Average weather events over many years
Weather: What is happening right now |
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Term
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Definition
A build-up region (usually a city) that is significantly warmer than the rural regions surrounding it.
Replacing vegitation with impervious surfaces, and lots of people in one area |
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Term
| Warming in the last century |
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Definition
Earth has warmed by 1.5 degrees
Average temp of last glaciation was only 6 degrees colder than now (1.5 degrees is a lot) |
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Term
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Definition
Ice melting earlier in WI lakes
Glaciers dissapearing from Glacier National Park (150 to 26)
Observations from peopel living in arctic regions (rain, late ice, dangerous/thin ice) |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the timing of recurring biological events and their relationship to biotic and abiotic forced and the inter-relationships among phases of the same or different species |
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Term
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Definition
- Dormancy (bud protected by scales)
- Bud Break (green leaf tip visible)
- Leaf Out (stalk or a base visible)
- Flowers visible
- Fruit Drop (mature fruit has dropped from tree)
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Term
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Definition
| Length of time each day when a location receives visable illumination |
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Term
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Definition
| Simultaneous action/Non-simultaneous action |
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Term
| Phenology and pretador-prey relations |
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Definition
Black Throated Warbler migrates when photoperiod changes
Budworms emerge when temperature changes
When photoperiod and temp don't line up like they did before, birds arrive late and budworms are already matured |
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Term
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Definition
| 59% imported coal, 24% nuclear, 7% renewables, 7% imported natural gas, 3% biofuels |
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Term
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Definition
| Most used source of energy, product of zooplankton and algae, composed of hydrocarbons (molecules made entirely of H and C) |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrocarbons+Oxygen--> Energy+Water+Carbon Dioxide
One gallon of gas released 19lbs of carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
North American Wind Core=Saudi Arabia of wind energy
Intermittent Energy Source (varies hour to hour) |
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Term
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Definition
| Types of natural phenomena which are climate dependent and which incorporate in their structure a measure of this dependency |
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Term
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Definition
| Oldest on the bottom, or closest to the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| Meausuring C-14 in organic material and finding age using half-life |
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Term
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Definition
Mud on lake bottoms is sediment deposited over years
Macrofossils and pollen give us clues to past organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Only living part of a tree trunk (just under bark) |
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Term
| Measuring Time With Trees |
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Definition
Each band is one season
- Dark is winter, light is summer
- Wide is wet season, narrow is dry season
- Fire scars give us a fire history of regions
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Term
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Definition
| Study of tree rings to answer questions about climate, water, resources, ecology, and natural history |
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Term
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Definition
| Uncontrolled fire in a wilderness or natural area fueled primarily by vegitation |
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Term
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Definition
Fire that burns the branches and leaves of tree
Low frequency, high intensity |
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Term
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Definition
Burns low lying vegitation and leaf litter
High frequency, low intensity |
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Term
| Fire Frequency v Severity v Altitude |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Some plants release seeds in response to environmental trigger (Jack Pines only release seeds during fire) |
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Term
| Fire Supression/10am Rule |
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Definition
With fire supression, more undergrowth present so fires are more intense
All forest fires should be extinguished by the morning after they were reported |
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Term
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Definition
Overflow that coems from a river or other body of water and causes or threatens damage
Recharges ground water and adds nutriends, but damages property and causes injuries and deaths |
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Term
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Definition
| Some degree of dryness in comparison to some normal amount of precipitation and the duration of the dry period (focus on precipitation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Effects of shortfalls in precipitation of surface or subsurface water supply (focus on reservoir and lake levels, groundwater, streamflow, what is available for community use) |
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Term
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Definition
| Effects of shortfalls in precipitation on agricultural crop yields and stock production (focus on how much water available for farm use) |
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Term
| Drought (Class Definition) |
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Definition
| Extended period of time when a region receives substantially less moisture than it does most years |
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Term
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Definition
Tools to measure intensity of drought
Zero is normal amount of moisture, negative is below and positive is above |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of data points measured consecutively at regular intervals in time |
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Term
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Definition
| Ecological colonization (species arriving) and extinctions happening |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants, airborn animals, small orgamisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Even large species can find their way to an island |
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Term
| Theory of Island Biogeography |
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Definition
| Number of species S found on an undisturbed island is determined by the balance between immigration and extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| Large islands contain more varied habitats which reduced the probability of extinction due to chance events |
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Term
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Definition
| Islands that are more isolated are less likely to recieve immigrants |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of a species get bigger or smaller depending on the resources available in the environment (islands have limited resources but limited competition) |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains taxol and used to treat cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Death of the last member of the species |
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Term
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Definition
| Local, a species ceases to exist ina specific geographic region |
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Term
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Definition
| End of a species globally |
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Term
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Definition
Habitat: Restricted to cloud forests in Costa Rica
Disease: Fungus Bd (invasive from Africa) killed Golden Toads
Climate: El Nino warmed up Costa Rica and Bd exploded |
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Term
| Passener Pigeon Extinction |
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Definition
Humans hunted and just killed pigeons
Population had two equilibrium points, at several billion, population restabilizes, at several million, death rate is higher than birth rate |
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Term
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Definition
| Deliberately eliminated using cow pox vaccine |
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