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| field of chemistry that studies energy changes |
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| to predict whether a reaction will occur spontaneously |
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| continue without energy input once started |
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| energy is neither created nor destroyed, it can only change from 1 form to another |
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| change in the internal energy |
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| energy can not be changed form 1 form to another without loss of usable E |
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| Total entropy of a system |
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| must increase if a process is to occur spontaneously |
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ΔS univ=
ΔS system + ΔS surroundings |
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| in irreversible processes |
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| entropy is a driving force |
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| Gibb's free energy change |
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| prediciting reacton spontaneity |
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| Two other thermodynamic quantities that contribute to the value for ΔG |
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enthalpy change
energy change measured at constant pressure |
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entropy change
related to the state of disorder in a system |
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| energy released during the reaction |
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| randomness or disorder in the system increases |
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| TΔS is sufficient large... |
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ΔG will be negative and
ΔS univ will increase
(favorable reaction) |
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free energy decreases
ΔG is negative
energy is released by the reaction
reaction said to be exergonic |
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| "releasing energy in the form of work" |
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free energy increases
ΔG is positive
energy is absorbed by the reaction
reaction is said to be endergonic |
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| "absorbing energy in the form of work." |
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| systems are at equilibrium and no net change occurs |
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| Need constant input of E to... |
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maintain order
(ex: clean vs. messy room) |
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| one reaction is endergonic but the second is exergonic |
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coupled reactions:
Sum of the reactions |
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| is overall exergonic and consequently the reaction pair is overall spontaneous |
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| provides the free energy to drive most endergonic reactions |
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ATP:
Drives several processes.... |
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Biosynthesis of biomolecules
active transport across membranes
mechanical work
-muscle contraction |
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| carry phosphoryl groups from higher energy compounds to lower energy compounds |
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| The three ATP phophates are... |
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