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BioE201 Exam 3
Imaging, Drug Delivery, Vascular Systems, Valves, Cardiovascular
120
Engineering
Undergraduate 2
10/29/2013

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Term
attenuators
Definition
something that weakens a wave
Term
fluoroscope
Definition
uses x-rays and a fluorescent screen, intensifies an x-ray image
Term
x-ray CT
Definition
x-ray computed axial tomography
Term
backprojection
Definition
the process a CT uses to piece the images it takes together to create one image
Term
MPR
Definition
multiplanar reformatting (used in CT scans)
Term
PET
Definition
positron emission tomography
Term
BOLD effect
Definition
blood oxygen level dependent effect. detected by fMRIs to see where blood is being used.
Term
A-mode
Definition
amplitude mode. measures the echos amplitude.
Term
M-mode
Definition
motion mode. acquires continuos A-mode images and displays the different amplitudes as gray scale values
Term
B-mode
Definition
brightness mode. connects the array of A-mode images, plots their M-mode gray scale values, and produces the classic ultrasound picture.
Term
Imatinib
Definition
in 1994 it was tested on animals and precipitated. they chemically altered it and changed it from IV to oral, now it's incredibly successful.
Term
extracellular barriers
Definition
immune system, blood proteins, ECM, cells
Term
intracellular barriers
Definition
uptake, acidic pH, endosome escape
Term
metabolism phase
Definition
the drug accumulates in tissues and starts to be degraded. ends in excretion
Term
oral administration
Definition
even drug concentration over time, not a lot due to intestinal barrier
Term
intravenous administration
Definition
drug concentration starts high then drops drastically until metabolism phase, where it begins to plateau
Term
intramuscular/subcutaneous administration
Definition
concentration starts low, then spikes, then decreases due to metabolism. intramuscular reaches a higher concentration
Term
convection
Definition
occurs due to pressure gradient
Term
diffusion
Definition
occurs due to a concentration gradient
Term
MTD
Definition
maximum tolerated dose
Term
MED
Definition
minimum efficacy dose
Term
therapeutic window
Definition
area between MED and MTD, where the drug actually works how it should
Term
types of diffusion controlled release
Definition
dispersed and dissolved OR burst, slow, or delayed release
Term
dispersed diffusion controlled release
Definition
the drug is in solid form in the delivery device, so there must be a phase change. takes much longer.
Term
dissolved diffusion controlled release
Definition
the device and drug are soluble together so there is no phase change. much faster
Term
burst diffusion controlled release
Definition
high loading. drug is close to the polymer film of the device. spikes immediately then decreases
Term
slow diffusion controlled release
Definition
low loading. puts distance between the drug and the polymer film of the device.
Term
types of erosion controlled release
Definition
surface and bulk
Term
surface erosion controlled release
Definition
constant rise and fall in drug concentration (straight line)
Term
bulk erosion
Definition
breaks completely apart and releases the drug all at once
Term
vili
Definition
long pillars of tissue with lots of cells for high surface adsorption. take the drug into the blood vessels to the liver and then the spleen
Term
payer's patches
Definition
regions in the intestines composed of m-cells that send the drug straight from the intestines to the lymphs and then the spleen
Term
particle drugs
Definition
circular, the drug is dispersed in all directions
Term
pill drugs
Definition
rectangular, drug is dispersed unidirectionally
Term
types of blood circulating drug delivery systems
Definition
encapsulated, loaded, adsorbed, conjugated
Term
encapsulated
Definition
drug is inside a capsule like a pill
Term
loaded
Definition
no capsule. the drug is dissolved inside of the nano-particle like a tablet
Term
adsorbed
Definition
drug released very quickly. cannot be metallic particles
Term
conjugated
Definition
drug is chemically modified, chemical bond between the particle and the drug. very slow release
Term
PEG
Definition
polyethylenglycol. extends the time that the drug stays in the bloodstream.
Term
the three layers (tunics) of arteries
Definition
intima, media, adventitia
Term
intima
Definition
endothelial cells, ECM
Term
media
Definition
SMCs, collagen, elastin, proteoglycans
Term
adventitia
Definition
fibroblasts, immune cells
Term
four functions of endothelial cells
Definition
create a non-clotting surface, handle the contraction of SMCs, produce vasodilators, adhere to leukocytes
Term
the four vasodilators produced by the endothelium
Definition
prostacyclin, endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide, endothelin
Term
EDRF
Definition
endothelium derived relaxing factor
Term
four functions of SMCs
Definition
maintain vascular integrity, contraction/relaxation, proliferation for repair and injury, maintain blood pressure
Term
three functions of fibroblasts
Definition
produce ECM, remodeling, release growth factors
Term
large elastic arteries
Definition
aorta and its major branches. media contains SMCs with elastin to creat a low resistance pathway
Term
arterioles composition
Definition
walls contain an endothelium, layer of SMCs, and a filamentous adventitia.
Term
arterioles
Definition
smaller than other arteries, converts the pulsing flow to a steady flow and directs the blood flow to the different parts of the body.
Term
vasoconstriction
Definition
reduction in lumen diameter due to SMC contraction
Term
vasodilation
Definition
widening of the lumen due to SMC relaxation
Term
capillary composition
Definition
only have a tunica intima
Term
capillaries
Definition
exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid occurs here
Term
veins composition
Definition
intima only contains endothelium. media only has a few SMCs, collagen, and a little elastin. extremity veins have connective tissue valves to prevent back flow. blood pressure is maintained my the respiratory and muscular pumps.
Term
aneurysm
Definition
and artery segment that is weakened and expands out. can burst and be fatal. can be treated with vascular graft
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
a deposit on the vascular lining. can restrict blood flow or the plaque can break off and cause a blockage.
Term
types of deposits in atherosclerosis
Definition
fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium
Term
possible causes of atherosclerosis deposits?
Definition
high cholesterol, high blood pressure, chemical stress, or infection
Term
heart attack cause
Definition
atherosclerosis plaque blockage in the coronary arteries
Term
stroke cause
Definition
atherosclerosis plaque blockage in the brain
Term
necrosis
Definition
atherosclerosis plaque blockage in the peripheral tissues
Term
vascular grafts
Definition
most often used for aneurysms. more effective in large diameter blood vessels.
Term
bypass
Definition
works on small diameter vessels. can be an autograft, allograft, or xenograft. causes a lot of damage at the donor site.
Term
angioplasty
Definition
PTA. using balloon expansion to compress the atherosclerotic plaque
Term
PTA
Definition
percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
Term
common types of angioplasty
Definition
coronary (heart), femoral (leg), renal (kidney), carotid (brain)
Term
embolism
Definition
plaque breaks free and enters the circulation. can occur in an angioplasty
Term
restenosis
Definition
re-occlusion due to intimal hyperplasia in response to vascular injury
Term
intimal hyperplasia
Definition
excessive SMC proliferation
Term
endovascular stent options
Definition
balloon expandable, thermal memory, biodegradable (in progress)
Term
balloon expandable pros and cons
Definition
pros: predictable expansion properties, good radial strength
cons: causes damage to the arterial wall
Term
thermal memory pros and cons
Definition
pros: less injury to the wall, Nitinol is more radiopaque than steel
cons: preset expansion size, weak radial strength
Term
complications with stents
Definition
difficulty with placement, requires an extensive anti-coagulation regimen, excessive injury to arterial wall, clotting, intimal hyperplasia, restenosis
Term
drug elution
Definition
a chemotherapy drug is applied to the outside of the stent so it diffuses off and prevents intimal hyperplasia
Term
congenital valve defects
Definition
issues found at birth
Term
types of valve disease
Definition
congenital, endocartis, stenosis, insufficiency
Term
endocartis
Definition
inflammation of the heart valves usually due to infection
Term
stenosis
Definition
hardening/narrowing of the valve that makes it hard for the heart to pump blood. can be cause by rheumatic fever scarring or calcification due to age
Term
insufficiency
Definition
valve does not close correctly which wastes part of the heart's pumping action by allowing regurgitation
Term
ways to diagnose valve disease
Definition
altered heart sounds, changes in blood pressure, x-ray, ultrasound
Term
factors in valve replacement
Definition
durability, hemodynamics, hemocompatability, and implantability
Term
mechanical valve options
Definition
ball and cage, bileaflet, tilting disc
Term
mechanical valve composition
Definition
sewing cuffs made of biostable polymer fabrics and leaflets and struts often made of inert metals
Term
bioprosthetic valve composition
Definition
polymer scaffold with natural heart tissue valve
Term
three types of valve replacements
Definition
mechanical, polymer, bioprosthetic
Term
fixation
Definition
the use of gluteraldehyde to kill cells in the tissue to reduce immunogenicity and crosslinking to improve the mechanical integrity
Term
possible complications in bioprosthetic valves
Definition
**calcification, tissue overgrowth, infection, hemolysis, damage to endothelial tissue, leaks
Term
selection criteria for valve types
Definition
age, gender, follow up, medical history
Term
hemolysis
Definition
red blood cell destruction due to bad hemodynamics
Term
heart wall composition
Definition
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
Term
endocardium composition
Definition
endothelial cells that create a perfect anti-coagulating surface
Term
myocardium composition
Definition
composed of cardiac myoblasts that contract and relax
Term
ECG
Definition
electrocardiogram
Term
EKG
Definition
2-D representation of the electrical activity of the heart
Term
P-wave
Definition
depolarization of AV node, atrial systole
Term
systole
Definition
contraction
Term
PQ
Definition
continued atrial depolarization,conduction of AP through the AV node
Term
AP
Definition
action potential
Term
Q-wave
Definition
depolarization in ventricular wall
Term
QRS
Definition
ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization
Term
RS
Definition
depolarization of left ventricle
Term
T-wave
Definition
ventricular repolarization
Term
cause of heart failure
Definition
insufficient nutrients and oxygen to the heart
Term
VADs
Definition
ventricular assist devices. only for hearts that still retain some function
Term
tachycardia
Definition
>100 bpm, FAST
Term
bradycardia
Definition
<60 bpm, SLOW
Term
fibrillation
Definition
no rhythm
Term
ventricular fibrillation EKG
Definition
loses tall part
Term
atrial fibrillation EKG
Definition
loses small bumps
Term
endocardial pacemaker
Definition
leads go inside the heart
Term
epicardial pacemaker
Definition
attaches to the outside of the heart
Term
demand pacing
Definition
only delivers a charge when the rhythm is detected to be off
Term
rate responsive pacing
Definition
reacts to activity level and changes the charge timing
Term
ICD
Definition
implantable cardiac defibrillator
Term
uses for ICD
Definition
tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation
Term
atrioventricular valves
Definition
tricuspid valve, mitral valve
Term
semilunar valves
Definition
pulmonary valve, aortic valve
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