Term
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Definition
| something that weakens a wave |
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Term
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Definition
| uses x-rays and a fluorescent screen, intensifies an x-ray image |
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Term
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Definition
| x-ray computed axial tomography |
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Term
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Definition
| the process a CT uses to piece the images it takes together to create one image |
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Term
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Definition
| multiplanar reformatting (used in CT scans) |
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Term
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Definition
| positron emission tomography |
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Term
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Definition
| blood oxygen level dependent effect. detected by fMRIs to see where blood is being used. |
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Term
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Definition
| amplitude mode. measures the echos amplitude. |
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Term
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Definition
| motion mode. acquires continuos A-mode images and displays the different amplitudes as gray scale values |
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Term
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Definition
| brightness mode. connects the array of A-mode images, plots their M-mode gray scale values, and produces the classic ultrasound picture. |
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Term
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Definition
| in 1994 it was tested on animals and precipitated. they chemically altered it and changed it from IV to oral, now it's incredibly successful. |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system, blood proteins, ECM, cells |
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Term
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Definition
| uptake, acidic pH, endosome escape |
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Term
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Definition
| the drug accumulates in tissues and starts to be degraded. ends in excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| even drug concentration over time, not a lot due to intestinal barrier |
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Term
| intravenous administration |
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Definition
| drug concentration starts high then drops drastically until metabolism phase, where it begins to plateau |
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Term
| intramuscular/subcutaneous administration |
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Definition
| concentration starts low, then spikes, then decreases due to metabolism. intramuscular reaches a higher concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs due to pressure gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs due to a concentration gradient |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| area between MED and MTD, where the drug actually works how it should |
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Term
| types of diffusion controlled release |
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Definition
| dispersed and dissolved OR burst, slow, or delayed release |
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Term
| dispersed diffusion controlled release |
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Definition
| the drug is in solid form in the delivery device, so there must be a phase change. takes much longer. |
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Term
| dissolved diffusion controlled release |
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Definition
| the device and drug are soluble together so there is no phase change. much faster |
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Term
| burst diffusion controlled release |
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Definition
| high loading. drug is close to the polymer film of the device. spikes immediately then decreases |
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Term
| slow diffusion controlled release |
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Definition
| low loading. puts distance between the drug and the polymer film of the device. |
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Term
| types of erosion controlled release |
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Definition
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Term
| surface erosion controlled release |
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Definition
| constant rise and fall in drug concentration (straight line) |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks completely apart and releases the drug all at once |
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Term
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Definition
| long pillars of tissue with lots of cells for high surface adsorption. take the drug into the blood vessels to the liver and then the spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| regions in the intestines composed of m-cells that send the drug straight from the intestines to the lymphs and then the spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| circular, the drug is dispersed in all directions |
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Term
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Definition
| rectangular, drug is dispersed unidirectionally |
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Term
| types of blood circulating drug delivery systems |
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Definition
| encapsulated, loaded, adsorbed, conjugated |
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Term
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Definition
| drug is inside a capsule like a pill |
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Term
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Definition
| no capsule. the drug is dissolved inside of the nano-particle like a tablet |
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Term
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Definition
| drug released very quickly. cannot be metallic particles |
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Term
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Definition
| drug is chemically modified, chemical bond between the particle and the drug. very slow release |
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Term
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Definition
| polyethylenglycol. extends the time that the drug stays in the bloodstream. |
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Term
| the three layers (tunics) of arteries |
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Definition
| intima, media, adventitia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| SMCs, collagen, elastin, proteoglycans |
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Term
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Definition
| fibroblasts, immune cells |
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Term
| four functions of endothelial cells |
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Definition
| create a non-clotting surface, handle the contraction of SMCs, produce vasodilators, adhere to leukocytes |
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Term
| the four vasodilators produced by the endothelium |
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Definition
| prostacyclin, endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide, endothelin |
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Term
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Definition
| endothelium derived relaxing factor |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain vascular integrity, contraction/relaxation, proliferation for repair and injury, maintain blood pressure |
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Term
| three functions of fibroblasts |
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Definition
| produce ECM, remodeling, release growth factors |
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Term
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Definition
| aorta and its major branches. media contains SMCs with elastin to creat a low resistance pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| walls contain an endothelium, layer of SMCs, and a filamentous adventitia. |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller than other arteries, converts the pulsing flow to a steady flow and directs the blood flow to the different parts of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction in lumen diameter due to SMC contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| widening of the lumen due to SMC relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| only have a tunica intima |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid occurs here |
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Term
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Definition
| intima only contains endothelium. media only has a few SMCs, collagen, and a little elastin. extremity veins have connective tissue valves to prevent back flow. blood pressure is maintained my the respiratory and muscular pumps. |
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Term
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Definition
| and artery segment that is weakened and expands out. can burst and be fatal. can be treated with vascular graft |
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Term
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Definition
| a deposit on the vascular lining. can restrict blood flow or the plaque can break off and cause a blockage. |
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Term
| types of deposits in atherosclerosis |
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Definition
| fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium |
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Term
| possible causes of atherosclerosis deposits? |
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Definition
| high cholesterol, high blood pressure, chemical stress, or infection |
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Term
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Definition
| atherosclerosis plaque blockage in the coronary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| atherosclerosis plaque blockage in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| atherosclerosis plaque blockage in the peripheral tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| most often used for aneurysms. more effective in large diameter blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| works on small diameter vessels. can be an autograft, allograft, or xenograft. causes a lot of damage at the donor site. |
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Term
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Definition
| PTA. using balloon expansion to compress the atherosclerotic plaque |
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Term
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Definition
| percutaneous transluminal angioplasty |
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Term
| common types of angioplasty |
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Definition
| coronary (heart), femoral (leg), renal (kidney), carotid (brain) |
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Term
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Definition
| plaque breaks free and enters the circulation. can occur in an angioplasty |
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Term
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Definition
| re-occlusion due to intimal hyperplasia in response to vascular injury |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive SMC proliferation |
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Term
| endovascular stent options |
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Definition
| balloon expandable, thermal memory, biodegradable (in progress) |
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Term
| balloon expandable pros and cons |
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Definition
pros: predictable expansion properties, good radial strength
cons: causes damage to the arterial wall |
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Term
| thermal memory pros and cons |
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Definition
pros: less injury to the wall, Nitinol is more radiopaque than steel
cons: preset expansion size, weak radial strength |
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Term
| complications with stents |
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Definition
| difficulty with placement, requires an extensive anti-coagulation regimen, excessive injury to arterial wall, clotting, intimal hyperplasia, restenosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemotherapy drug is applied to the outside of the stent so it diffuses off and prevents intimal hyperplasia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| congenital, endocartis, stenosis, insufficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the heart valves usually due to infection |
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Term
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Definition
| hardening/narrowing of the valve that makes it hard for the heart to pump blood. can be cause by rheumatic fever scarring or calcification due to age |
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Term
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Definition
| valve does not close correctly which wastes part of the heart's pumping action by allowing regurgitation |
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Term
| ways to diagnose valve disease |
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Definition
| altered heart sounds, changes in blood pressure, x-ray, ultrasound |
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Term
| factors in valve replacement |
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Definition
| durability, hemodynamics, hemocompatability, and implantability |
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Term
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Definition
| ball and cage, bileaflet, tilting disc |
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Term
| mechanical valve composition |
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Definition
| sewing cuffs made of biostable polymer fabrics and leaflets and struts often made of inert metals |
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Term
| bioprosthetic valve composition |
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Definition
| polymer scaffold with natural heart tissue valve |
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Term
| three types of valve replacements |
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Definition
| mechanical, polymer, bioprosthetic |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of gluteraldehyde to kill cells in the tissue to reduce immunogenicity and crosslinking to improve the mechanical integrity |
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Term
| possible complications in bioprosthetic valves |
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Definition
| **calcification, tissue overgrowth, infection, hemolysis, damage to endothelial tissue, leaks |
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Term
| selection criteria for valve types |
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Definition
| age, gender, follow up, medical history |
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Term
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Definition
| red blood cell destruction due to bad hemodynamics |
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Term
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Definition
| endocardium, myocardium, epicardium |
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Term
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Definition
| endothelial cells that create a perfect anti-coagulating surface |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of cardiac myoblasts that contract and relax |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2-D representation of the electrical activity of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| depolarization of AV node, atrial systole |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| continued atrial depolarization,conduction of AP through the AV node |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| depolarization in ventricular wall |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| depolarization of left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular repolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| insufficient nutrients and oxygen to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular assist devices. only for hearts that still retain some function |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ventricular fibrillation EKG |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leads go inside the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches to the outside of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| only delivers a charge when the rhythm is detected to be off |
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Term
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Definition
| reacts to activity level and changes the charge timing |
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Term
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Definition
| implantable cardiac defibrillator |
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Term
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Definition
| tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation |
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Term
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Definition
| tricuspid valve, mitral valve |
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Term
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Definition
| pulmonary valve, aortic valve |
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