Term
| What do the nucleic acids in DNA and RNA form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structure of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
| has a pentose sugar ring core with a phosphate group off the left side and a base (AGTC) with a nitrogen ring on the right |
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Term
| What are the two types of bases in a nucleotide? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a hexagonal ring. forms cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| looks like a figure eight. forms adenine and guanine. |
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Term
| What are the two types of pentose in a nucleotide? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| has a hydroxide group off the 2' carbon. found in RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| only has a H off the 2' carbon. found in DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a ribonucleotide composed of? |
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Definition
| a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and one of the four bases (adenine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a deoxyribonucleotide composed of? |
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Definition
| a phophate group, a 2-deoxyribose sugar, and one of four bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine) |
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Term
| What are nucleotides made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the bond that holds nucleotides together? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| between the 5' -OH of one pentose and the 3' -OH of the next |
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Term
| What orients a polynucleotide? |
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Definition
| the 5' end and 3' ends give it a chemical polarity |
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Term
| What's the difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a polynucleotide? |
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Definition
| the 5' end is a phosphate group and the 3' end is a hydroxyl group |
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Term
| What bonds two strands of DNA together? |
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Definition
| the hydrogen bonds between the bases. can only form between a purine and a pyrimidine base. |
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Term
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Definition
| held together with H bonds, A and T bond and G and C bond, the chains must be in opposite orientations (one with the 5' end on top and one with the 5' end on bottom) |
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Term
| What is on the inside part of the DNA molecule? |
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Definition
| the complementary base pairs |
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Term
| What is on the outside part of the DNA molecule? |
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Definition
| the sugar phosphate backbones |
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Term
| What is the shape of a DNA molecule? |
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Definition
| a right handed double helix |
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Term
| Who discovered the structure of DNA and when? |
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Definition
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Term
| What exactly does the nucleotide sequence do? |
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Definition
| provides the instructions to build certain proteins |
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Term
| How many feet of DNA are in a nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is so much DNA fit in to the nucleus? |
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Definition
| the DNA is packed into chromosomes |
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Term
| How many chromosomes do humans have? |
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Definition
| 24, but we have 2 copies in each cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the positively charged protein core of a nucleosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein core with DNA tightly wrapped around it |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA combined with protein complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA forms into a double helix, which wrap around protein to form a nucleosome, which connect together with protein to form chromatin. long lines of chromatin pack together to form a chromosome. ultimately, the DNA is packed 10,000 times shorter |
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Term
| Semiconservative replication |
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Definition
| each daughter DNA helix is composed of one conserved and one newly synthesized strand. the original strands remain intact for many generations |
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Term
| What does A pair with in DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does T pair with in DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| this enzyme adds nucleotides to the 3' end. they nucleotides enter as triphosphates which provide energy for new bond formation. always moves from 5'-->3'. |
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Term
| How does DNA synthesis start? |
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Definition
| the two strands are locked firmly together from H bonds. to be peeled apart for synthesis, would need a temperature close to boiling water, which doesnt happen in a cell. instead, an initiator protein binds and pries the 2 strands apart at the middle |
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Term
| Bidirectional replication |
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Definition
| two active regions called replication forks for at the origin (where the initiator protein split the strand.) they move in opposite directions, unzipping the protein as they go. |
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Term
| Leading and Lagging strands |
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Definition
| the strand with the original strand beginning with 5' is the lagging strand, because synthesis occurs in short fragments (Okazaki). they will later be joined by a ligase. the original strand beginning with 3' is the leading strand. |
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Term
| In which direction does replication occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| opens up the double helix ahead of the replication fork |
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Term
| single strand binding protein (SSB protein) |
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Definition
| binds tightly to the singel strand DNA to stabilize it |
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Term
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Definition
| keeps the polymerase on while it's moving |
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Term
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Definition
| creates a 10 nucleotide primer that allows the polymerase to start a new DNA chain on the lagging strand.these are later removed and replaced by repair polymerase forming one long strand of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| adds the new nucleotides, forming the new daughter strand |
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Term
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Definition
| binds the okazaki fragments together |
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Term
| How often do replication errors occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| heritable changes in the nucleotide sequences. i.e. sickle cell anemia. |
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Term
| Multiple replication origins |
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Definition
| occurs in eukaryotic cells. DNA replication origins occur in many places in the DNA strand, in humans around 10,000 places. |
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Term
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Definition
| each protein is a unique sequence of aminoacids. each sequence of nucleotides calls different amino acids. therefore, DNA directs the syntheses of all proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a segment of DNA that contains the information required for the synthesis of one type of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| the total genetic information carried by DNA in a cell. contains the information necessary for the synthesis of proteins in the body. |
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Term
| Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
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Definition
| DNA-->RNA-->Protein. the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied first into an RNA molecule and then into a protein molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| RNA polymerase unwinds a short section of DNA. it uses the 3'-5' DNA strand for a template. the RNA polymerase then adds ribonucleotides to create the new RNA transcript complementary to the DNA strand. |
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Term
| What does A pair with in RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does U pair with in RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| moves along the DNA, unwinding it and adding 1 nucleotide at a time in the 5'-3' direction |
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Term
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Definition
| coding nucleotide sequences within a eukaryotic gene |
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Term
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Definition
| non-coding nucleotide sequences within a eukaryotic gene |
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Term
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Definition
| in RNA transcription both exons and introns are copied, but later introns are cut out and exons are joined together. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs before the RNA leaves the nucleus. capping and polyadenylation occur, producing messenger RNA (mRNA) which leaves the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| adds a methylated guanine to the 5' end of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of a series of repeated adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| specific signal proteins bind to the 5' cap and the poly-A tail, which signal the nuclear pores that the RNA is export ready |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in the nucleus, when DNA replicates itself |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in the nucleus, when RNA is formed form DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in the cytoplasm, where the information in RNA copied from on gene directs the synthesizing of one protein. mRNA is read in groups of three, and these 64 options are read to specify one of 20 different amino acids. mRNA is read from 5'-3' in this process |
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Term
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Definition
| one group of three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer RNA. a small RNA molecule that contains a set of 3 nucleotides that binds the codon in an mRNA molecule through complimentary base pairing. this folds the proteins and reveals two regions crucial for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of 3 nucleotides that binds the complementary codon in an mRNA molecule |
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Term
| Where does the amino acid attach? |
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Definition
| the short single stranded region at the 3' end where the amino acid that matches the codon will attach |
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Term
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Definition
| moves the mRNA along, captures the tRNAs and holds them in position, and links the amino acids to form a protein chain, all in a accurate and rapid manner. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains two subunits both containing ribosomal RNA and proteins |
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Term
| What is the first step of initiation? |
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Definition
| the tRNA brings the amino acid to the correct site by binding the codon of mRNA |
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Term
| What is the second step of translation? |
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Definition
| the ribosome covalently links the amino acids together |
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