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Biodiversity
Lecture 23
78
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/26/2011

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Term
• multicellular
• heterotrophic
• eukaryotes
• with layers of tissues
Definition
What are the four characteristics of animals?
Term
heterotrophs
Definition
___ ingest other organisms
Term
structural proteins; collagen
Definition
Animals bodies are held together by ___, such as ___.
Term
nerve tissue and muscle tissue
Definition
Only animals have ___ and ___.
Term
sexually
Definition
Most animals reproduce ___, with the diploid stage dominating the life cycle.
Term
diploid
Definition
Most animals reproduce sexually, with the ___ stage dominating the life cycle.
Term
A zygote is formed, and then it undergoes cleavage, forming a ball of cells called a blastula
Definition
What happens after a sperm fertilizes and egg?
Term
gastrulation
Definition
After the blastula is formed, it undergoes ___, forming tissue layers and a hollow embryo
Term
gastrula
Definition
After the blastula is formed, it starts forming tissue layers and a hollow embryo called a ___.
Term
digestive tract
Definition
The endoderm develops into the ___.
Term
ectoderm; endoderm
Definition
An embryo folds inward, producing layers: the ___ (outer layer) and the ___ (inner layer).
Term
Hox genes
Definition
All animals have ___ that regulate body development
Term
Hox
Definition
___ genes can produce a wide variety of animal morphology
Term
one billion
Definition
Animals have been around for more than ___ years
Term
1.2 billion–800 million
Definition
The common ancestor of all living animals may have lived from ___ years ago
Term
choanoflagellates
Definition
The common ancestor of all animals probably resembled modern ___.
Term
colonial flaggelated protist
Definition
Animals common ancestor was probably a ___.
Term
Ediacaran fauna
Definition
Early animal fossils include the ___
– Discovered first in Australia
– they were all soft-bodied and small
Term
1 Billion–524 Million Years Ago
Definition
When was the Neoproterozoic Era?
Term
sponges and jellyfish
Definition
The Edicaran fauna may include ___ and ___
Term
542–251 Million Years Ago
Definition
When was the Paleozoic Era?
Term
Cambrian explosion
Definition
The ___ was the first appearance of the major groups of living animals
Term
mass extinction
Definition
Most of the animals that appeared in the Cambrian Period died out in a ___.
Term
In the Cambrian explosion
Definition
When did the first predator and prey appear?
Term
Paleozoic Era
Definition
What era was the Cambrian explosion?
Term
The Neoproterozoic Era
Definition
What era was the Ediacaran fauna formed in?
Term
the Mesozoic era
Definition
When did coral reefs form?
Term
251–65.5 Million Years Ago
Definition
When was the Mesozoic era?
Term
the Mesozoic era
Definition
When were dinosaurs the dominant terrestrial vertebrates?
Term
65.5 Million Years Ago to the Present
Definition
When was the Cenozoic Era?
Term
mass extinction
Definition
Our era began with the ___ of most animals
Term
the Cenozoic era
Definition
When did modern groups of mammals and insects become diversified?
Term
symmetry
Definition
Animals can be classified by the ___ of their bodies
Term
radial symmetry
Definition
In this type of symmetry, any imaginary slice through the central axis divides the animal into mirror images.
Term
bilateral symmetry
Definition
In this kind of symmetry, only one cut can divide the animal into mirror-image halves.
Term
bilateral symmetry
Definition
Many animals exhibit ___ symmetry
Term
dorsal
Definition
What is the top side of a bilaterally symmetrical animal called?
Term
ventral
Definition
What is the bottom side of a bilaterally symmetrical animal called?
Term
anterior
Definition
What is the head of a bilaterally symmetrical animal called?
Term
posterior
Definition
What is the tail of a bilaterally symmetrical animal called?
Term
cephalization
Definition
What is the development of a head called in bilaterally symmetrical animals?
Term
animal body shapes
Definition
___ follow the development of its tissues
Term
tissues
Definition
___ are collections of specialized cells
Term
membranous layers
Definition
Tissues are isolated from other tissues by ___
Term
evolved
Definition
The way our bodies develop mimic the way we ___.
Term
embryos
Definition
Our ___ can tell us a lot about evolution
Term
diploblastic animals
Definition
___ animals have two germ layers
Term
diploblastic animals
Definition
Sponges and jellyfish are examples of ___ animals.
Term
diploblastic animals
Definition
These animals split early from the other groups.
Term
triploblastic
Definition
___ have three germ layers.
Term
triplastic
Definition
___ animals include most of the animals we know
Term
triploblastic
Definition
___ animals have organs contained in a body cavity called a coelom
Term
body cavity
Definition
Triploblastic animals have organs contained in a ___ called a coelom
Term
coelom
Definition
Triploblastic animals have organs contained in a body cavity called a ___
Term
Coelomates
Definition
___ such as earthworms have a true body cavity
Term
earthworms
Definition
Coelomates such as ___ have a true body cavity
Term
body cavity
Definition
Coelomates such as earthworms have a true ___
Term
pseudocoelom
Definition
A ___ is a body cavity derived from the hollow gastrula
Term
roundworms
Definition
An example of pseudocoelom is ___.
Term
acoelomates
Definition
Organisms without body cavities are called ___.
Term
acoelomates
Definition
Without ways to deliver oxygen and nutrients to their cells these organisms must remain small
Term
Planarians
Definition
___ are acoelomates from Louisiana swamps
Term
protostome development or deuterostome development
Definition
What are the two ways embryos can be categorized as developing?
Term
protosome
Definition
In this type of embryo development, the blastula is spiral and determinate
Term
deuterostome
Definition
In this type of embryo development, the blastula is radial and indeterminate
Term
protosomes
Definition
In ___ the blastopore becomes the mouth
Term
deuterostomes
Definition
In ___, the blastopore becomes the anus.
Term
35
Definition
Zoologists currently recognize about ___ major groups or phyla of animals
Term
sponges
Definition
___ are basal animals: they split off first
Term
basal animals
Definition
Sponges are ___: they split off first
Term
sponges
Definition
Since ___ they lack true issues they are different from all other animals
Term
Eumetazoa
Definition
___ is a clade of animals with true
tissues
Term
Bilateria
Definition
Most animal phyla belong to the clade ___
Term
Deuterostomia
Definition
Vertebrates and a few others belong to the clade ___
Term
protosomes
Definition
Recent molecular studies divide the ___ into two groups
Term
two
Definition
Recent molecular studies divide the protostomes into ___ groups
Term
Ecdysozoans
Definition
___ share a common characteristic: they shed their exoskeletons
Term
ecdysis
Definition
Ecdysozoans share a common characteristic: they shed their exoskeletons in a process called ___
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