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Biodiversity
Lecture 17
45
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/19/2011

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Term
prokaryotes
Definition
___ were Earth’s sole inhabitants for at least 1.5 billion years
Term
from about 3.5 to about 2 billion years ago
Definition
How many years ago were prokaryotes Earth's sold inhabitants?
Term
prokaryotes
Definition
As ___ evolved, they exploited and changed the conditions on the young Earth
Term
exploited and changed the conditions
Definition
As prokaryotes evolved, they ___ on the young Earth
Term
the organic materials that were floating around in the ocean
Definition
For a while, organisms got away with eating ___.
Term
cyanobacteria
Definition
As the organic material in the oceans started to get scarce, one group, the ___, came up with a new method of capturing energy - photosynthesis
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
As these started to get scarce, one group, the cyanobacteria, came up with a new method of capturing energy - ___
Term
stromatolites
Definition
The oldest known fossils are ___, composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment Which date back 3.5 billion years ago
Term
3.5 billion years ago
Definition
The oldest known fossils are stromatolites, composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment Which date back ___
Term
bacterial mats
Definition
Some ___ form stromatolites
Term
stromatolites
Definition
Some bacterial mats form ___
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
The earliest ___ did not produce oxygen. Later types did, as a waste product
Term
oxygen
Definition
The earliest photosynthesis did not produce ___. Later types did, as a waste product
Term
3.5 billion years
Definition
Oxygenic photosynthesis probably evolved
___ ago
Term
2.7 billion years
Definition
Oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere about ___ ago
Term
– providing an opportunity to gain abundant energy from light
– allowing organisms to exploit new ecosystems
Definition
Oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere about 2.7 billion years ago, which allowed for what to happen?
Term
oxygen was a toxin
Definition
Why did oxygen pose a challenge for living things when it first started to accumulate in the atmosphere?
Term
one of the first mass extinctions on Earth
Definition
Oxygen may have caused ___, due to its toxicity to living things when it first accumulated into the atmosphere?
Term
2.1 billion years
Definition
The oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells date back ___.
Term
prokaryotes
Definition
eukaryotic cells like ours arose from ___
Term
the theory of endosymbiosis
Definition
Proposes that mitochondria in animals and chloroplasts in plants were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells
Term
mitochondria; chloroplasts
Definition
The theory of endosymbiosis proposes that ___ in animals and ___ in plants were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells
Term
undigested prey or parasites
Definition
The ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts probably entered the host cell as ___
Term
endosymbiotic events
Definition
Additional ___ and gene transfers may have added to the large genomes and complex structures of eukaryotic cells
Term
large genomes and complex structures of eukaryotic cells
Definition
Additional endosymbiotic events and gene transfers may have added to the ___
Term
eukaryotes’ flagella and cilia
Definition
Scientists speculate that they evolved from those of symbiotic bacteria, based on symbiotic relationships between bacteria and protozoans
Term
eukaryotes
Definition
Multicellularity has actually evolved several times in ___
Term
1.5 billion years
Definition
Molecular clocks date the common ancestor of multicellular eukaryotes to ___.
Term
eukaryotes
Definition
The oldest known fossils of ___ are of small algae that lived about 1.2 billion years ago
Term
small algae
Definition
The oldest known fossils of eukaryotes are of ___ that lived about 1.2 billion years ago
Term
1.2 billion years ago
Definition
The oldest known fossils of eukaryotes are of small algae that lived about ___
Term
colonies
Definition
The first multicellular organisms were ___
Term
colonies
Definition
Clusters of autonomously replicating cells are called ___.
Term
specialized for different functions
Definition
Later, after the development of colonies some cells in the colonies became ___
Term
first 20 million years of the Cambrian period
Definition
Most of the major groups of animals appear suddenly in the fossil record during the ___
Term
Cnidaria and Porifera
Definition
Two animal phyla, ___ and ___ are older, dating from the late Proterozoic eon
Term
late Proterozoic eon
Definition
Two animal phyla, Cnidaria and Porifera are older, dating from the ___.
Term
molecular evidence, 1 billion years
Definition
___ suggests that some animal phyla may have originated much earlier, up to ___ ago.
Term
500 million years
Definition
About ___ ago plants, fungi, and animals colonized land
Term
plants, fungi and animals
Definition
About 500 million years ago ___, ___, and ___ colonized land
Term
plants and fungi
Definition
Symbiotic relationships between ___ and ___ are common today
Term
Paleozoic era; Mesozoic era
Definition
The formation of the supercontinent Pangaea during the late ___ and its breakup during the ___ can explain many biogeographic puzzles
Term
plants and animals
Definition
Early classification systems had two kingdoms: ___ and ___
Term
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Definition
A three domain system has replaced the old
system, including the domains ___, ___, and ___
Term
kingdoms
Definition
Each domain has been split by taxonomists into multiple ___.
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