Term
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Definition
| ___ were Earth’s sole inhabitants for at least 1.5 billion years |
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Term
| from about 3.5 to about 2 billion years ago |
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Definition
| How many years ago were prokaryotes Earth's sold inhabitants? |
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Term
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Definition
| As ___ evolved, they exploited and changed the conditions on the young Earth |
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Term
| exploited and changed the conditions |
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Definition
| As prokaryotes evolved, they ___ on the young Earth |
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Term
| the organic materials that were floating around in the ocean |
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Definition
| For a while, organisms got away with eating ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| As the organic material in the oceans started to get scarce, one group, the ___, came up with a new method of capturing energy - photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| As these started to get scarce, one group, the cyanobacteria, came up with a new method of capturing energy - ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| The oldest known fossils are ___, composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment Which date back 3.5 billion years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| The oldest known fossils are stromatolites, composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment Which date back ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Some ___ form stromatolites |
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Term
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Definition
| Some bacterial mats form ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| The earliest ___ did not produce oxygen. Later types did, as a waste product |
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Term
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Definition
| The earliest photosynthesis did not produce ___. Later types did, as a waste product |
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Term
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Definition
Oxygenic photosynthesis probably evolved
___ ago |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere about ___ ago |
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Term
– providing an opportunity to gain abundant energy from light
– allowing organisms to exploit new ecosystems |
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Definition
| Oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere about 2.7 billion years ago, which allowed for what to happen? |
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Term
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Definition
| Why did oxygen pose a challenge for living things when it first started to accumulate in the atmosphere? |
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Term
| one of the first mass extinctions on Earth |
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Definition
| Oxygen may have caused ___, due to its toxicity to living things when it first accumulated into the atmosphere? |
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Term
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Definition
| The oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells date back ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotic cells like ours arose from ___ |
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Term
| the theory of endosymbiosis |
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Definition
| Proposes that mitochondria in animals and chloroplasts in plants were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells |
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Term
| mitochondria; chloroplasts |
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Definition
| The theory of endosymbiosis proposes that ___ in animals and ___ in plants were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells |
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Term
| undigested prey or parasites |
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Definition
| The ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts probably entered the host cell as ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Additional ___ and gene transfers may have added to the large genomes and complex structures of eukaryotic cells |
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Term
| large genomes and complex structures of eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
| Additional endosymbiotic events and gene transfers may have added to the ___ |
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Term
| eukaryotes’ flagella and cilia |
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Definition
| Scientists speculate that they evolved from those of symbiotic bacteria, based on symbiotic relationships between bacteria and protozoans |
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Term
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Definition
| Multicellularity has actually evolved several times in ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecular clocks date the common ancestor of multicellular eukaryotes to ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| The oldest known fossils of ___ are of small algae that lived about 1.2 billion years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| The oldest known fossils of eukaryotes are of ___ that lived about 1.2 billion years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| The oldest known fossils of eukaryotes are of small algae that lived about ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| The first multicellular organisms were ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters of autonomously replicating cells are called ___. |
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Term
| specialized for different functions |
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Definition
| Later, after the development of colonies some cells in the colonies became ___ |
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Term
| first 20 million years of the Cambrian period |
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Definition
| Most of the major groups of animals appear suddenly in the fossil record during the ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Two animal phyla, ___ and ___ are older, dating from the late Proterozoic eon |
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Term
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Definition
| Two animal phyla, Cnidaria and Porifera are older, dating from the ___. |
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Term
| molecular evidence, 1 billion years |
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Definition
| ___ suggests that some animal phyla may have originated much earlier, up to ___ ago. |
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Term
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Definition
| About ___ ago plants, fungi, and animals colonized land |
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Term
| plants, fungi and animals |
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Definition
| About 500 million years ago ___, ___, and ___ colonized land |
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Term
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Definition
| Symbiotic relationships between ___ and ___ are common today |
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Term
| Paleozoic era; Mesozoic era |
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Definition
| The formation of the supercontinent Pangaea during the late ___ and its breakup during the ___ can explain many biogeographic puzzles |
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Term
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Definition
| Early classification systems had two kingdoms: ___ and ___ |
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Term
| Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya |
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Definition
A three domain system has replaced the old
system, including the domains ___, ___, and ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Each domain has been split by taxonomists into multiple ___. |
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