Term
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Definition
| The evolutionary history of a species or a group of species |
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Term
| information about ancient organisms |
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Definition
| Biologists use the fossil record for ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique for analyzing relatedness between organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ use biological evidence to develop hypotheses about relatedness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
• fossil,
• morphological, and
• molecular |
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Definition
| Phylogenies (or family trees) are based on what three kinds of evidence of common ancestry? |
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Term
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Definition
| the richest source of fossils |
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Term
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Definition
| sedimentary rocks are developed into layers called ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is based on the sequence in which fossils have accumulated in such strata |
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Term
| ancestral characteristics |
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Definition
| Fossils can reveal ___ that have been lost over time |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ can be inferred from morphological and molecular similarities in living organisms |
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Term
| morphological and molecular similarities |
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Definition
| Phylogenetic history can be inferred from ___ in living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
In general, organisms that share similar
morphologies are likely to be ___ |
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Term
| similarity due to convergent evolution, called analogy, rather than shared ancestry |
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Definition
One potential miss-step in constructing a
phylogeny is: |
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Term
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Definition
| One potential miss-step in constructing a phylogeny is similarity due to ___, called analogy, rather than shared ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| One potential miss-step in constructing a phylogeny is similarity due to convergent evolution, called ___, rather than shared ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when similar environmental pressures produce similar adaptations in organisms from different lineages |
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Term
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Definition
| Analogous are called ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| These characteristics look similar but are not due to relatedness |
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Term
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Definition
| “rungs” or building blocks of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematists use ___ to analyze DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the grouping of organisms into categories based on their similarities |
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Term
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Definition
| connects taxonomy with evolutionary history |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the two-part format for the scientific name of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Who developed binomial nomenclature? |
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Term
| the Latinized genus and species |
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Definition
| The scientific or binomial name of an organism is the ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ introduced a hierarchical system for grouping species in increasingly broad categories |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in phylogenetic trees of related ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a group of taxa including an ancestral species and all of its descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a graphic depiction of a clade |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the study of phylogeny using clades |
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Term
| all groupings of organisms qualify as clades |
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Definition
| Clades can be nested within larger clades, but not ___ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it consists of the ancestor species and all of its descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| Is an erroneous grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes numerous types of organisms that are not close relatives |
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Term
| shared primitive character |
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Definition
| Is a homologous structure that predates the branching of a particular clade |
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Term
| shared primitive character |
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Definition
| Is shared with other taxa beyond the one we are trying to define |
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Term
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Definition
Is an evolutionary novelty unique to a
particular clade |
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Term
| shared derived characters |
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Definition
| Clades are defined by ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematists use a method called ___ to differentiate between shared derived and shared primitive characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Enables us to focus on just those few pertinent characters that were derived at various branch points in the evolution of a clade. |
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Term
| when divergences occurred; come first |
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Definition
| Phylogenetic trees don’t tell you exactly___, only which ones must have ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| In a ___ the length of a branch reflects the number of changes in a DNA sequence in that lineage |
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Term
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Definition
| an ___ contains data from the fossil record to place branches in the context of geological time |
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Term
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Definition
| The most parsimonious tree is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary events (or shared derived characters) to have occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| The most parsimonious tree is the one that requires the ___ evolutionary events (or shared derived characters) to have occurred |
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Term
| those that fit the most data |
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Definition
| The best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees are ___. |
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Term
– morphological,
– molecular,
– and fossil |
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Definition
| The best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees are those that fit the best data: ___, ____ and ___. |
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