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| The study of biological diversity and its origins. |
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| This has to do with understanding the evolutionary relationships among species, living and extinct. |
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___ are hierarchical representations
of how species are related one to another. |
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| They provide us with three basic types of information for evolutionary biology and biology in general. |
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| Why are phylogenies important? |
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1.Relative genealogical relatedness
2.Direction and degree of change
3.Robust classifications |
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| What are the three basic types of information for evolutionary biology and biology in general? |
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| ___ is the main cause of the similarities and differences between organisms. |
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| share a common ancestor; evolved the same features independently |
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| If two closely related species share similar features, it is more likely that their similarity is due to the fact that they ___ than to have ___. |
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| Classifications based on the ___ have more predictive power |
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| similarity due to common ancestry |
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| Under ideal conditions all the descendents of an ancestral species that acquired a given evolutionary novelty are going to inherited this feature, carrying this feature works as a “mark”, indicating they all evolved from the same ancestor, Hennig called these “marks” ____. |
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| The non-modified condition present before evolution is called ___. |
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| To share ___ is not evidence of monophyly. |
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| To share plesiomorphies is not evidence of ___. |
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| Similarity that is not due to common ancestry. |
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| acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages. |
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| the development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clades. |
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| loss of a characteristic that should otherwise had been inherited from the most common ancestor. |
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| Each branch point or ___ represents a hypothetical common ancestor. |
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| Each branch point or node represents a ___ common ancestor. |
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| The branches above a node represent a ___ |
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| All the organisms in a ___ share a number of features |
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| share a number of features |
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| All the organisms in a clade ___ |
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| the features on the clade are called ___ of a clade. |
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| Only ___ groups can be called clades |
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| A group composed of a collection of organisms, including the most recent common ancestor of all those organisms and all the descendants of that most recent common ancestor. |
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| A group composed of a collection of organisms, including the most recent common ancestor of all those organisms. Unlike a monophyletic group, a paraphyletic taxon does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor. |
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| A group composed of a collection of organisms in which the most recent common ancestor of all the included organisms is not included, usually because the common ancestor lacks the characteristics of the group. |
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| Paraphyletic and Polyphyletic groups ___ natural groups and therefore ___ be used for classification. |
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| group of species you are interested in knowing how are related. |
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| A group thought to be closely related to served as basis of comparison |
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| Character states in the outgroup are assumed to be ___ |
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Definition
| Character states in the outgroup are assumed to be ancestral (___) |
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| the direction of character state change |
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| Character states in the outgroup are assumed to be ancestral (plesiomorphic). This allows us to establish ___. |
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| binary or multi-state characters |
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| For ___, can hypothesize the direction of evolutionary change (transformation series) |
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| For binary or multi-state characters, can hypothesize the direction of evolutionary change (___) |
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| direction of evolutionary change |
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Definition
| For binary or multi-state characters, can hypothesize the ___ (transformation series) |
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| Is an optimality criterion to choose between hypotheses. It chooses the tree with the minimum number of changes along the tree. |
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| Try to explain most of the similarities by common ancestry and avoid ad-hoc assumptions (e.g: independent evolution). |
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| It chooses between hypotheses in terms of the probability that a proposed model and the hypothesized history would give rise to the observed data set (the matrix). |
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| The method searches for the tree with the highest posterior probability or likelihood |
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Term
1. Choose your ingroup and outgroup
2. Evidence=characters |
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Definition
| How do you build a phylogeny? |
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