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| Aristotle's earlier ideas where each link in the chain was a certain species that was complete, continuous, and in the perfect state |
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| The study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species in which evidence about common ancestors arouse |
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| the study of the body parts and structures among groups of organisms |
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| Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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| Temains or traces of an organism that lived in the ancient past |
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| Father of Paleontology. Discovered extinction through fossil records and discovery by catastrophic events |
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| Discovered what drove evolution or change lineage. Belief that everything strived for perfection and was displayed in the next generation. (example: snort neck giraffe would give her offspring the drive and they would have a longer neck) |
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| Took a voyage on the Beagle and wrote Origin of Species. This book explained fitness and natural selection |
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| Discovered the theory of uniformity stating that the geological processes that work today are the same as those That formed the Earth in ancient times (ex. volcanos, tectonic plates). Against catastrophic events |
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| Made a connection with struggle for existence and reproduction. Limited resources means competition for survival |
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| The degree of adaption that measures its ability to survival and reproduce |
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| Survival of the fittest. Occurs in populations overtime not in individuals during their lifetime |
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| Descent with modification |
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| Reveals the age of fossils and rocks by measuring its content of radioisotope and daughter elements |
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| Time it takes for half of a radioisotopes atoms to decay |
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| Supercontinent caused by the theory of continental drift |
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| Theory of Continental Drift/ Plate Tectonics |
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| when the Earths relatively thin outer layer of rock is cracked into immense plates and swifts slowly over time |
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| Great evidence but still chance of falsifiable |
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| Educated explanation based on natural laws, chance of being falsifiable |
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| Heritable feature that increases the likelihood of survival and reproduction in that organisms environment |
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| Best measured by the number of copies of genes left behind in future generations |
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| Evolution of similar characteristics because of similar environments and selective pressures but not from inheritance from a common ancestor (Homoplasy) |
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| Evolution of increasing difference between related groups of organisms (Homology) |
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| Similar traits of bone structures that are different but a few common traits link them back to a common ancestor (divergent evolution) |
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| Similar because of similar selective pressures from similarities in the environment but do not share a common ancestor (convergent evolution) |
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| Structures that don't have a particular need or function compared to their older ancestor that needed it (Ex. Human appendix, human tailbone) |
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| No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles |
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| Convert energy with the use of sunlight |
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| Getting Carbon from organic compounds with carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds |
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| Having a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
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| Entire role of an organism in its natural environment |
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| Trait that has two different forms (ex. gender: male or female) |
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| Trait that has more than two different forms (ex. hair color: brown, red, black, blonde) |
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| All of the genes available in a population for inheritance by the next generation |
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| localized group of individuals of the same species |
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| Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Conditions for Populations |
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1. Large populations to prevent genetic drift
2. No migration in or out of population to prevent gene flow
3. No net mutations that change alleles
4. Random mating (no preference)
5. No natural selection (no fitness difference) |
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| Random lost or fixed genes in a population |
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| Intentional gain or loss of genes in a population due to migration in or out |
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| Disaster that wipes out a large proportion of the population randomly with respect to genotype. Loss of genes/decrease in gene pool |
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| Genetic drift resulting when small subsets of a larger population establishes their new population in an isolated area |
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| Species members of population that belong to the same species if they can interbreed and produce viable, reproductive offspring |
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| Prezygotic Isolation Mechanisms |
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| Isolation mechanisms that prevent fertilization before sperm and egg join |
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| Postzygotic Isolation Mechanisms |
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| Isolation mechanisms that keep hybrid offspring from surviving or reproducing |
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| Speciation when a whole population evolves into another |
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| Speciation when one population becomes two distinctive species |
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| Speciation when a population forms a new species while geographically isolated from parent population |
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| Speciation that forms a population without geographic isolation in the original populations |
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| Speciation when populations in contact along common border evolve into distinct species. Hybrids in contact zone are less fit than individuals distinctively on each side |
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| Representational diagram of evolutionary history with organisms of a common ancestor. Based on hypothesis |
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| Branches of the phylogeny/Monophyletic group |
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| illustration of clade branching |
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| Event that leads to two lineage events |
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| Heritable trait that can be compared across organism |
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| Used to group organisms in to clades |
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| Characters in different organisms that are similar because they evolved from a common ancestor |
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| Characters in similar organisms but have different ancestors (ex. bat and bird wings) |
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| Includes the common ancestor and ALL its descendants |
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| It does not include the common ancestors just the most recent to the group of members |
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| Most simple (and in this context) considered mostly like to be true |
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| It includes most recent common ancestor but NOT all its descendants |
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1. Habitat (Ecological)
2. Temporal
3. Behavioral
4. Mechanical
5. Game tic Isolation |
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| Habitat/ Ecological Isolation |
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| Prezygotic Barriers/ different geographical location prevents fertilization |
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| Prezygotic Barriers/ different mating seasons and time prevent fertilization |
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| Prezygotic Barriers/ actions deter sexual attraction which prevent fertilization |
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| Prezygotic Barriers/ "Parts don't fit" Unsuccessful mating and fertilization |
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| Prezygotic Barriers/ Isolation before sperm and egg meets (preventing hybrid zygote) |
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| Postzygotic Isolation Mechanisms |
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| Prevent Hybrid offspring from developing into a viable/fertile adult |
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| Postzygotic Isolation Mechanisms/ Normally die before birth or shortly after. |
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| Postzygotic Isolation Mechanisms / Cant reproduce because of incorrect chromosomes (ex.mule) |
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| Postzygotic Isolation Mechanisms/ Offspring is using unfertile or viable |
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1. Punctuated Time (thousands of years, ex volcano activity)
2. Gradual Pattern (millions of years) |
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| Long periods of relative evolutionary stasis-punctuated by rapid changes |
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| Can involve both allopatric and sympatric speciation |
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| Autopolyploidy Sympatric Speciation |
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| All chromosomes come from one species |
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| Euploidy Sympatric Speciation |
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| State of having some number of every kind of chromosome |
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| Polyploidy Sympatric Speciation |
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| State of having greater than two copies of every chromosome |
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| Aneuploidy Sympatric Speciation |
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| Not all chromosomes have all the same number of copies (ex. trisomy- down syndrome: 3 of the 21 chromosome) |
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| slight evolutionary change in relative rates of growth |
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| Two or more forms of a character (features or attributes) of an organism |
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| A particular hierarchical rank by different classifications |
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type of nomenclature for species classification made up of "two names" and consisting of two parts:
1. Genus name always capitalized
2. Species name always underlined |
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| Are lines of a Cladograms that represent the sequence of ancestral-descendent population denoting decent |
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| Derived feature because of evolution from an ancestral feature |
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| An apomorphy that is characteristic of two or more lineages |
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| An apomorphy that occurs within a single lineage |
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The proportion of phenotypes in a population (physical)
EX. Blood type: A, B, O, AB |
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The proportion of genotypes in a population
EX. Blood type: IA i, IA IA, IB i, IB IB, IA IB, ii, |
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The proportion of a particular allele compared among all other alleles
EX. Blood Type: IA, IB, i |
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| Father of Genetics, inheritance |
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| Believed in gradual change in the earth that caused different kinds of species (ex. erosion) |
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