Term
| What is a sister chromatid? |
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Definition
| One half of chromosome. X < |
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Term
| What is Semiconservative replication |
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Definition
| results in 2 identical daughter molecules each with one parental strand and one new strand |
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Term
| UNDERSTAND MECHANISM OF DNA REPLICATION |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 phases in Interphase? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A section of DNA that has the instructions for making one protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell growth, organnels split |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell makes proteins needed to complete mitosis |
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Term
| What is the quick phrase for steps of Mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope dissapears, microtubules pull choromomes toward middle |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes align across middle |
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Term
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Definition
| centromeres split and pull chromosomes apart |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear envelop forms around chromosomes |
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Term
| Difference between animal cytokenisis and plant |
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Definition
| Animals have no cell wall and pinch to form 2 new cells, while plants have cell wall that is made from cellulose |
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Term
| What are the phases of cell cycle control? |
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Definition
| G1 checkpoint, G2 check and Metaphase check point |
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Term
| What is the G1 checkpoint? |
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Definition
| Cell must be large enough and have enough nutrients for rest of mitois |
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Term
| What is G2 checkpoint phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is metaphase checkpoint? |
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Definition
| Have all chromosomes attached properly to microtubles. |
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Term
| What are proto-oncogenes? |
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Definition
| Genes that code for cell cycle control proteins |
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Term
| What are tumor suppreson genes? |
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Definition
| Genes for proteins that stop cell division if conditions are not favorable. |
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Term
| What are the stages of Meiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stages does genetic diversity occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of homologues to seperate normally during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Zygote that has replicated many times |
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Term
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Definition
| First to describe rules of inheritance, trait a single gene with a few alleles, both parents contribute equally to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Description of allels for a particular gene in an individual? |
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Term
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Definition
| Both alleles are identical |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is incomplete dominance? |
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Definition
| Two copies of the dominant allele are reqiored to see full phenotype. Ex White and red flower make pink |
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Term
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Definition
| Neither allele is dominant, dots on cow |
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Term
| How many X chromosomes do women have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Early female embryos randomly INACTIVATE one of X chromosomes in each cell |
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Term
| What is autosomal dominant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is autosomal recessive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are x linked diseases on a pedigree? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 domains of life? |
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Definition
| Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya |
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Term
| What are the six kingdoms of life? |
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Definition
Bacteria -> Eubacteria
Archaea -> Arachaebacteria
Eukarya -> Planta, Animalia, Fungi, Protista |
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Term
| What is the order of classification? |
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Definition
| Do Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares? |
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Term
| What is the endosymbiotic theory? |
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Definition
| Explains evolution of eukaryotes and their specilzed structures. |
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Term
| Know differnces in spores and seeds |
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Definition
Spores have no embryo and have no protection
A seed has an embryo with a food source, less released |
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Term
| Same about seed and spores |
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Definition
| Protected from environment and contain genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| Branch of biology dealing with relations and interactions between orgainisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is population ecology? |
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Definition
| dynamics of serises population and how they intereact with each of their environments |
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Term
| What is the food chain and energy flow? |
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Definition
Sun
Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary Consumers |
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Term
| What are the causes of exctinctions? |
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Definition
Habitat Descruction
Habitat Fragmentation - large divided into small
Introduced Species
Overexploitation - needing resource to much, buffalo hide
Pollution |
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Term
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Definition
| Average conditions of place measured over years |
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Term
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Definition
| Community based climatic regions |
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Term
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Definition
| Average temperature determined by this |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Single celled organism defines as lacking newclear membrane and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual reproduction in prokaryotes, (DNA replication -> Growth - > pinch - > divide |
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Term
| How do bacteria obtain genetic diversity? |
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Definition
Transformation - take genetic material from enviro
Conjugatiing - transfer GM between bacteria
Transduction - Transfer genetic info from virus to bacterium |
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Term
| Be able to draw bacterial growth curve |
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Definition
Lag - bacteria does not divide, adapt to enviro
Log - divide quickly
Stationary - Death and growth rate same
Death - Death pahse bigger than growth |
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Term
| 4 major types of bacerial metabolism |
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Definition
Photoautorophs - need only light energy to synthesize ATP and only need CO2 sd source of carbon in order to synthesize the orgainic compounds
Photoheteroptrophs - must obtain carbon in complex orgainc form. but only use light for ATP
Chemoautotrophs - only need CO2 as carbon source + obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds
Chemoheterotrophs - must obtain complex organic molecues as both source of enerey + as source of carbon.
Soprobes -Obsorb dead materials
Parasite |
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Term
| What are the 3 oxygen requirements for bacteria? |
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Definition
Obligatea aerobes - carry out respiration, requre O2
strict anaerobes - unable to grow and reproduce in pressence of O2
falicitatied - can grow with or with O2 |
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Term
| What are the bacertial virulence factors? |
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Definition
| Establish infection and cause disease - capsule, flagella, toxins |
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Term
| What are Koch's Postulataes? |
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Definition
| Found within infected organisms, isolated and grown, after grown able to initiate disease within organism, reisolated from infected animals |
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Term
| What are the characterists of viruses |
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Definition
| infections, phase with viron, intiate infection, change DNA, capsid, envelop, tugument |
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Term
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Definition
| A structed containing the DNA or RNA that alternates between intra and extra cellular states |
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Term
| How does Ampicillin and chloraphacoil work? |
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Definition
| Prevents the enzymes within infected cells to work |
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Term
| What is the basic viral lifecycle? |
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Definition
1. Absorption.
2. Uptake.
3. Uncoating
4. Genome Activation
5. Assembly
6. Release
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Term
What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic?
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Definition
| Lytic leads to pathology while lyso hides the virus and only is shown when stressed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps of the polymerse chain reaction? |
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Definition
Denatureing
Annealing
Elongation |
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Term
| What does denaturing, annealing, and elongation do? |
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Definition
DENATURING is heating up breaking the hydrogen bonds. THis allows the DNA to be in single strands.
ANNEALING is where the primers are attached to the DNA at the beginning and end.
ELONGATION is where the DNA gets copied rapidly, making millions and millions of copies. |
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Term
| What is the Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR)? |
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Definition
| DNA sequences in chromosomes that are specific from parents. |
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Term
| How does rRNA help classify organisms? |
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Definition
| RNA was broken down and saw that Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaebacteria all had different rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Fusion of nuclei that occrus during sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of cytoplasm of 2 or more cells from fusion nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of haploid cells |
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Term
| What are the 4 major biomes? |
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Definition
Forest
Grassland
Desert
Tundra |
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