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BioDiv Test 1
Bacteria
34
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/08/2009

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Term
prokaryotic characteristics in terms of 1. cellularity, 2. cell size, 3. Chromosomes, 4. Divison and Genetic Recombination 5. organization, 6. Flagella, 7. Metabolic Diversity
Definition
unicellular, smallish, no membrane around chromosomes, mostly divide via binary fission, horizontal gene transfer, no organelles, simple flagella, photosynthesis with and w/o oxygen, chemolithotrophic
Term
chemolithotrophic
Definition
make carbohydrates from energy stored in bonds
Term
compare archea and bacteria on:
membrane
cell wall
DNA replication
Definition
Membrane: archea have lipids with ether bond btwn hydrocarbon and glycerol, bacteria have ester linkages
Cell Wall: Bacteria have peptidoglycan, archea do not
DNA: archea more similar to Eukaryotes, have multiple RNA polymerases, bacteria have only one
Term
peptidoglycan
Definition
peptide bonded carbohydrates
Term
Gram positive
Definition
have thicker peptidoglycan wall- purple
Term
Gram negative
Definition
have thinner peptidoglycan wall- dark pink
Term
capsule
Definition
gelatinous structure sorrounding all walls in some bacteria
Term
S-layer
Definition
crystalline surface around outer membrane of some bacteria and archea, helps in adhesion/protection
Term
pili
flagellan
Definition
hair like
tails
Term
endospores
Definition
form in response to environmental pressures, thick wall around genetic material
Term
conjugation
Definition
gene transfer from cell to cell
Term
binary fission
Definition
cell division into two equal parts, asexual
Term
F plasmid
Definition
frequent trasfer plasmid in conjugation, helpful in fertility
Term
role of F plasmid in conjugation
Definition
contains genes code for proteins to creat hollow pilus on cell surface for transfer, individual genetic entity that needs cell to reproduce, does "Rolling Circle Replication", creates new F plasmid in other cell
Term
Recombination
Definition
plasmid joins host chromosome, similar to meiosis
Term
Hfr cells
Definition
cells with recombinated F plasmids
Term
transduction
Definition
the transfer of DNA through viruses called bacteriophages
Term
specialized transduction
Definition
only a few genes transfered, only in lysogenic phages
Term
generalized transduction
Definition
any gene can be transfered
Term
describe process of transduction
Definition
viral DNA copied and stuffed into phage head, grabs some bacteria DNA on accident, injects into host, bacterial DNA integrated via homologous recombination
Term
cotransduction frequency
Definition
the closer two genes are on a chromosome the more likely they will be transferred in transduction
Term
transducing phage
Definition
carries both phage and chromosomal genes
Term
prophage
Definition
dormant phage that has integrated genes with host- will eventually lyse host
Term
photoautotroph
Definition
do photosynthesis, ex:cyanobacteria (have chlorophyll)
Term
chemolithoautotrophs
Definition
oxidize inorganic substances, ex:nitrifiers during nitrification
Term
photoheterotrophs
Definition
use light energy, get carbon from organic molecules
Term
chemoheterotrophs
Definition
get carbon and energy from organic molecules, includes decomposers
Term
lyme disease
Definition
borrelia burgdorferi, ticks, deer, mice are vectors
Term
chlamidia
Definition
vibrio cholerae, STD causing genital infections that can spread to eyes and respiratory tract
Term
gonorrhea
Definition
neisseria gonorrhoae, STD in humans only
Term
anthrax
Definition
bacillus anthracis, carried in animals
Term
botulism
Definition
clostridium botulinum, improperly prepared food, toxic poison, can be fatal
Term
pneumonia
Definition
streptococcus, mycoplasma, chlamydia, haemophilus
fatal lung disease, humans are vector
Term
plague
Definition
yersinia pestis, fleas on rats and squirrels
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